An image forming method uses a photoreceptor including at least an aluminum substrate, a toner for developing an electrostatic image including toner particles containing at least a binding resin, and a developer bearing member including a member that generates a magnetic flux inside, wherein the aluminum substrate contains silicon, a silicon content of the aluminum substrate is more than 0.6% by mass, and a glass transition point (Tg) of the toner for developing an electrostatic image is in a range of 0 to 45 C.

An electrophotographic image forming method includes fixing an electrostatic charge image developing toner onto a resin recording medium to form an image. The content of a saturated hydrocarbon compound having 16 to 35 carbon atoms is 1,000 ppm by mass or less with respect to the total mass of the electrostatic charge image developing toner. When an image having an adhesion amount of 4 g/m.sup.2 or greater is formed on the resin recording medium, a peak density Spd of protrusions on a surface of the image is 5,000 mm.sup.2 or greater.

An image forming apparatus that forms a toner image by superimposing toner layers on an intermediate transfer member and transfers the formed toner image onto a recording medium, the image forming apparatus including a hardware processor that performs specific control for reducing, relative to a volume of a single-layer toner image to be transferred onto the recording medium when the single-layer toner image including a single-color toner layer is formed, a volume of a lowermost toner layer with a color same as a color of the single-color toner layer in a multilayer toner image to be transferred onto the recording medium when the multilayer toner image is formed by superimposing toner layers of a plurality of colors having a pattern same as a pattern of the single-layer toner image.

A toner is provided that includes toner base particles comprising a polyurethane resin in an amount of 50% by mass or more and 80% by mass or less of the toner base particles. The toner has a glass transition temperature Tg1 of less than 0 C., and each particle of the toner has a sea-island structure in a cross-sectional image obtained by a scanning electron microscope of the particle.

An image forming apparatus includes a photoreceptor, a charging device that charges a surface of the photoreceptor, an electrostatic latent image forming device that forms an electrostatic latent image on the charged surface of the photoreceptor, a developing device that contains a developer containing a toner and develops the electrostatic latent image formed on the surface of the photoreceptor to form a toner image, a transfer device that transfers the toner image to a surface of a recording medium, and a cleaning device that has a cleaning blade coming into contact with the surface of the photoreceptor to clean the surface of the photoreceptor, in which the toner contains toner particles, titanate compound particles, and silica particles, a surface layer of the photoreceptor contains a polyarylate resin that has a dicarboxylic acid unit (A) represented by Formula (A) and a diol unit (B) represented by Formula (B), and the cleaning blade has a first polyurethane layer that is a layer coming into contact with the photoreceptor and has a hardness of 85 degrees or more and 95 degrees or less, and a second polyurethane layer that is a layer supporting the first polyurethane layer and has a hardness of 55 degrees or more and 70 degrees or less.

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In Formula (A), Ar.sup.A1 and Ar.sup.A2 are each independently an aromatic ring which may have a substituent, L.sup.A is a single bond or a divalent linking group, and n.sup.A1 is 0, 1, or 2.

In Formula (B), Ar.sup.B1 and Ar.sup.B2 are each independently an aromatic ring which may have a substituent, L.sup.B is a single bond, an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, or C(Rb.sup.1)(Rb.sup.2), and n.sup.B1 is 0, 1, or 2, where Rb.sup.1 and Rb.sup.2 are each independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 or more and 20 or less carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 or more and 12 or less carbon atoms, or an aralkyl group having 7 or more and 20 or less carbon atoms, and Rb.sup.1 and Rb.sup.2 may be bonded to each other to form a cyclic alkyl group.

An image forming apparatus includes: a forming unit configured to form an image on a sheet by forming a plurality of toner images using a plurality of types of toner, and transfer the plurality of toner images onto the sheet, or transfer the plurality of toner images onto the sheet via an intermediate transfer member; and a controller configured to control the forming unit to form a formed image and an antimicrobial pattern on the sheet based on first image data representing the formed image, wherein at least one first toner out of the plurality of types of toner is antimicrobial toner that includes an antimicrobial agent, at least one second toner out of the plurality of types of toner is non-antimicrobial toner that does not contain the antimicrobial agent, and the antimicrobial pattern is formed using the first toner.

A developing apparatus including a developing roller and a toner is provided, in which the toner includes a toner particle containing a crystalline material, the toner has a resistivity of not more than 2.0010.sup.14 .Math.m at a frequency of 0.01 Hz, obtained by AC impedance measurement, the developing roller includes a substrate having a conductive outer surface and a resin layer on the outer surface of the substrate, the developing roller has an impedance Z of at least 1.0010.sup.4 at a frequency of 1.010.sup.2 Hz, obtained by AC impedance measurement, the developing roller has a phase 1 of 40 to 10 at a frequency of 1.010.sup.2 Hz, obtained by AC impedance measurement, and the developing roller has a phase not more than 2 of 60 at a frequency of 1.010.sup.4 Hz, obtained by AC impedance measurement is.

A developing apparatus comprising: a developing roller and a toner, wherein the developing roller comprises specific constitutions, an outer surface of the developing roller is formed of at least a specific first region and a second region having higher conductivity than the first region, the first region and the second region are placed adjacent to each other, the toner comprises a toner particle and a fine particle, the fine particle comprises a compound comprising a specific metal element, when the toner surface is measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the abundance ratio of the metal element is 2.0 to 20.0 atomic %, and an average circularity of the toner is 0.970 or more.

A developing roller for an electrophotographic image forming apparatus, which conveys a developer, wherein the developing roller includes a developing sleeve and a member that generates a magnetic flux inside the developing sleeve, and the developing sleeve contains an aluminum alloy containing more than 0.6% by mass of silicon.

An image forming apparatus including: a developing bias application portion that applies a developing bias in which an AC voltage and a DC voltage are superimposed on the developer bearing member in order to develop an electrostatic latent image formed on the image bearing member by the developer carried on the developer bearing member; a toner replenishment container that accommodates a toner to be supplied to the developing container; an acquisition portion that acquires information on a coverage of an external additive carried on a surface of the toner accommodated in the toner replenishment container; and a controller that controls the developing bias application portion based on the information on the coverage acquired by the acquisition portion.