A cleaning blade has an elastic body formed of a urethane elastomer, and a treated surface layer formed at least at a portion which comes into contact with a contact target of the elastic body. The treated surface layer is formed through impregnating a surface portion of the elastic body with a surface treatment liquid containing a bifunctional isocyanate compound, at least one polyol, and an organic solvent; or a surface treatment liquid containing an isocyanate group-containing compound having an isocyanate group at an end thereof, which compound is a reaction product of the bifunctional isocyanate compound with the at least one polyol, and an organic solvent, and curing the surface treatment liquid. The difference between the nitrogen concentration at the surface and the nitrogen concentration in the elastic body at a depth of 0.5 mm from the surface of the treated surface layer is 0.02 to 0.15 mass %.

A developing device includes a developing roller, a toner supply roller, a casing, a film member, a biasing member, a link member, a link member drive mechanism, and an oscillation mechanism. The film member is disposed on an upper surface of an inner wall portion of the casing, with the biasing member coupled to one longitudinal end of the film member. The link member is coupled to the other longitudinal end of the film member. The link member drive mechanism drives the link member. The link member drive mechanism makes the link member intermittently pull the film member to thereby cause reciprocation of the film member in a longitudinal direction. The oscillation mechanism causes an upper end portion of the film member to oscillate in a direction orthogonal to the upper surface of the inner wall portion along with the reciprocation of the film member.

A developing apparatus includes a developer container, a conveyance portion, a density detection unit, and a projected portion. The conveyance portion includes a shaft portion and a conveying blade. The projected portion is projected from the shaft portion in a radial direction of the shaft portion such that a position of the projected portion overlaps with a detection surface of the density detection unit in an axial direction of the shaft portion. The projected portion is shaped such that a part between both end portions of the projected portion in the axial direction is positioned upstream in a direction of rotation of the conveyance portion than the both end portions.

An image forming apparatus includes an agitating member, a first electrode, a second electrode disposed with a gap from the first electrode such that the gap has a smallest portion located below a rotation center of the agitating member and a remote portion wider than the smallest portion and located above the smallest portion, and a frame body having a first wall surface having the first electrode disposed thereon and a second wall surface having the second electrode disposed thereon, and a developer detecting unit configured to detect an amount of developer from an output value output in accordance with a capacitance formed between the first electrode and the second electrode. The image forming apparatus performs correction and detects the amount of developer.

Provided is a cleaning member, comprising an elastic member that includes polyurethane, wherein: when tan of a test piece sampled from the elastic member is measured in the temperature range of 20 C. to +60 C., the peak temperature of a peak indicating the maximum value of tan is at 15.0 C. or below; the maximum value of tan is 0.20 to 0.55; tan at a temperature of 55 C. is 0.13 or larger; and where the detected quantity of all ions obtained when the test piece is heated at a rate of temperature increase of 10 C./second to 1000 C. using a direct-sampling mass spectrometer is M1 and the integrated intensity of a peak in a derived ion thermogram that corresponds to a range of m/z values originating in multifunctional isocyanate with at least three isocyanate groups is M2, M2/M1 is at least 0.001.

A cleaning blade has an elastic body formed of a urethane elastomer, and a treated surface layer formed at least at a portion which comes into contact with a contact target of the elastic body. The treated surface layer is formed through impregnating a surface portion of the elastic body with a surface treatment liquid containing a bifunctional isocyanate compound, at least one polyol, and an organic solvent; or a surface treatment liquid containing an isocyanate group-containing compound having an isocyanate group at an end thereof, which compound is a reaction product of the bifunctional isocyanate compound with the at least one polyol, and an organic solvent, and curing the surface treatment liquid. The difference between the nitrogen concentration at the surface and the nitrogen concentration in the elastic body at a depth of 0.5 mm from the surface of the treated surface layer is 0.02 to 0.15 mass %.

A roller cleaning mechanism includes a cleaning member making contact with a conveying roller, a holder holding the cleaning member, a housing for the holder, and an urging member. The holder is supported on the housing swingably about a swing shaft parallel to the axial direction of a driving roller. The urging member urges the holder oppositely to the rotation direction of the conveying roller. When the conveying roller rotates, its rotative driving force keeps the holder at a cleaning position where a cleaning face of the cleaning member makes contact with the outer circumferential face of the conveying roller. When the conveying roller is halted, the urging force of the urging member keeps the holder at a retracted position where a part of the cleaning member different from the cleaning face makes contact with the outer circumferential face of the conveying roller.

An image forming apparatus includes: an image holding member that moves while holding an image to be transferred to a recording medium; a cleaning member that moves in contact with the image holding member to clean the image holding member; a conveyance member that conveys powder removed from the image holding member by the cleaning member; and a processor configured to perform control to cause conveyance of powder by the conveyance member to be performed in a state where the image holding member is stopped or in a state where a moving speed of the image holding member is reduced.

A developing device includes: a toner bearer; a layer-thickness regulating member including a regulating portion and a projecting portion; a seal holding surface; and a seal. The regulating portion presses against a surface of the toner bearer to regulate a layer thickness of toner on the toner bearer. The projecting portion is at a back side of the regulating portion. The seal holding surface is opposite an end surface of the toner bearer. The seal is between the end surface of the toner bearer and the seal holding surface. A part of the projecting portion opposite the end surface is interposed between the seal and the end surface. The seal holding surface has a convex portion at a position opposite at least one of an upstream adjacent portion or a downstream adjacent portion adjacent to the part of the projecting portion in a surface movement direction of the toner bearer.