An intermediate transfer member including a base layer, wherein the base layer contains a thermoplastic resin and an electroconductive filler dispersed in the thermoplastic resin, and wherein the base layer has a volume resistivity of 110.sup.6 to 110.sup.13 .Math.cm, and the base layer has an electroconductive path index of 0.20 or less.

An endless belt includes a base material layer, the base material layer containing a polymer material and conductive particles, wherein in a section of the base material layer in a thickness direction, the conductive particles have an area ratio of 9.0% or more and 14.5% or less, an average value of areas of Delaunay triangles taking centers of gravity of the conductive particles as vertices is 0.10 m.sup.2 or more and 0.90 m.sup.2 or less, and a standard deviation of the areas is 0.010 m.sup.2 or more and 0.080 m.sup.2 or less.

A pressing device includes an intermediate transfer unit, a secondary transfer unit, a presser, and a drive transmitter. The intermediate transfer unit transfers and conveys a toner image. The secondary transfer unit faces the intermediate transfer unit to form a nip portion between the secondary transfer unit and the intermediate transfer unit and transfers the toner image onto a conveyed material at the nip portion. The presser applies a pressing force for pressing the secondary transfer unit to the intermediate transfer unit at the nip portion. The drive transmitter transmits the pressing force and a conveyance driving force to a driven transmitter of the secondary transfer unit, is restricted in position by the presser, and is movable together with the presser.

A film contains a resin and a siloxane compound having a structure A represented by Formula: [RSiO.sub.1.5].sub.n (provided that in the formula, R represents an organic group and n represents an integer of 2 or more), where at least one R among plural R's in the structure A is a group including an alkyl group and a difference in solubility parameter (SP value) between the resin and the structure A is 3.0 or less in terms of an absolute value, and surface free energy is 40 mJ/m.sup.2 or less.

A film includes: a binder resin; and an ester-modified silicone resin, in which the film has a first surface having a static friction coefficient denoted as A and a second surface having a static friction coefficient denoted as B, and A/B is 0.85 or less.

A lubricant composition fed to an intermediate transfer belt in an intermediate transfer-type electrophotographic image forming method includes solid lubricant particles that are inorganic compound particles having an average size of 120 nm or less and a binder disposed on surfaces of the solid lubricant particles. The content of the binder is 0.01% by mass or more and 20.00% by mass or less of the amount of the lubricant composition.

A film contains a resin and a siloxane compound having a structure A represented by Formula: [RSiO.sub.1.5].sub.n (provided that in the formula, R represents an organic group and n represents an integer of 2 or more), where at least one R among plural R's in the structure A is a group including an alkyl group and a difference in solubility parameter (SP value) between the resin and the structure A is 3.0 or less in terms of an absolute value, and a proportion of the group including the alkyl group in the siloxane compound is 10 mol % or more and 50 mol % or less.

A belt device includes a cleaning unit having a cleaning member that abuts a belt and cleans a front surface of the belt. A tension roller includes a deviation suppression mechanism on one side of and in a width direction of the tension roller. The width direction intersects a transport direction of the belt. The deviation suppression mechanism suppresses deviation of the belt in the width direction by tilting a rotary shaft of the tension roller. The cleaning member has one side in the width direction tiltable that follows tilting of the tension roller. The cleaning unit includes a port, for discharging toner removed from the front surface of the belt, on a downstream side of the cleaning member and in a transport direction of the toner. The downstream side is another side in the width direction.

A film includes: a binder resin; and an ester-modified silicone resin, in which the film has a first surface having a static friction coefficient denoted as A and a second surface having a static friction coefficient denoted as B, and A/B is 0.85 or less.

A conductive dispersion solution comprising a tin oxide particle and a dispersion medium, wherein the conductive dispersion solution further comprises an organic acid, a phosphorus compound, and an amine compound, the tin oxide particle is dispersed in the dispersion medium, a cumulant average particle diameter of the tin oxide particle in the conductive dispersion solution is 90 to 400 nm, the organic acid, the phosphorus compound, and the amine compound are dissolved in the dispersion medium, and the tin oxide particle comprises an antimony-containing tin oxide particle A not treated with a silane coupling agent and an antimony-containing tin oxide particle B treated with a silane coupling agent.