Provided is a fixing member including a base layer, and a surface layer on an outer surface of the base layer directly or with a primer layer interposed between the base layer and the surface layer, in which the surface layer is constituted by a single layer, the surface layer contains a fluororesin, and fluorine oil having a perfluoropolyether structure, and as for a measurement sample taken from the surface layer, when subjecting to predetermined treatments (i) and (ii), masses of an adhered material adhered in a unit area of a detection surface of a QCM sensor and containing the fluorine oil are within specific ranges.

A heater includes a base and at least one resistive heat generator mounted on a face of the base. At least one electrode supplies power to the at least one resistive heat generator. A conductor couples the at least one electrode with the at least one resistive heat generator. A slide layer covers the at least one resistive heat generator and the conductor. The slide layer includes a projecting portion that defines a surface of the slide layer. The projecting portion is defined by a film thickness of at least one of the conductor and the at least one resistive heat generator. The projecting portion includes an upstream projection disposed opposite a lateral end of the base in a longitudinal direction of the base and a downstream projection disposed downstream from the upstream projection in a rotation direction of an endless belt that slides over the heater.

A heater includes a base and at least one resistive heat generator mounted on a face of the base. At least one electrode supplies power to the at least one resistive heat generator. A conductor couples the at least one electrode with the at least one resistive heat generator. A slide layer covers the at least one resistive heat generator and the conductor. The slide layer includes a projecting portion that defines a surface of the slide layer. The projecting portion is defined by a film thickness of at least one of the conductor and the at least one resistive heat generator. The projecting portion includes an upstream projection disposed opposite a lateral end of the base in a longitudinal direction of the base and a downstream projection disposed downstream from the upstream projection in a rotation direction of an endless belt that slides over the heater.

Provided is a fixing member includes: a substrate; and an elastic layer on the substrate, wherein the elastic layer contains a rubber and fillers dispersed in the rubber, and wherein an average value of area ratios of large-particle diameter fillers is 20% or more and 40% or less, and the large-particle diameter fillers have an average array degree f.sub.L of 0.00 or more and 0.15 or less, an average value of an area ratios of small-particle diameter fillers is 10% or more and 20% or less, the small-particle diameter fillers have an average array degree f.sub.S of 0.20 or more and 0.50 or less, and the small-particle diameter fillers have an average array angle .sub.S of 60 or more and 120 or less.

A fixing member includes a substrate, an elastic layer on the substrate, and a surface layer on the elastic layer. The surface layer has transverse microhardness values within the range of 85 to 89, inclusive, and a transverse filtered maximum waviness (Wcm) of 0.1 m or more and 4 m or less.

A heater for being attached to a heating device includes a base layer and a heat generator, an electrode, and a feeder that are mounted on the base layer. The feeder is interposed between the electrode and the heat generator. The feeder is configured to electrically connect the electrode to the heat generator. The base layer includes a heat generating portion mounting the heat generator and an electrode portion mounting the electrode. A decreased cross section portion is interposed between the heat generating portion and the electrode portion. The decreased cross section portion has a cross-sectional area that is smaller than a cross-sectional area of the heat generating portion. The decreased cross section portion includes a positioner configured to engage a counterpart of the heating device and position the heater in a longitudinal direction of the heater when the heater is attached to the heating device.

An endless belt includes a base layer having an endless belt shape, an elastic layer provided on the base layer, and a surface layer provided on the elastic layer. The surface layer contains fluororesin. The surface layer is provided with at least one mark portion formed through alteration of the surface layer by spot irradiation with laser light having an ultraviolet-region wavelength.

A roller for use with an image fixing device for fixing an image on a recording material includes a core metal, and an elastic layer provided around the core metal. In the elastic layer, a filler bundle including a plurality of fiber-like fillers is dispersed.

A fixing apparatus includes a first pressing roller, a belt wound around the first pressing roller, a second pressing roller, and a roller position changer that changes a position of the second pressing roller. The second pressing roller faces the first pressing roller across the belt and forms a fixing nip portion between itself and the belt. At least one of the first pressing roller and the second pressing roller includes a core metal and a foam body covering the core metal. The roller position changer changes a position of the second pressing roller based on a kind of print medium to change a peak surface pressure of the fixing nip portion, such that a range where maximum shearing strain occurs from an interface between the core metal and the foam body in the foam body is a predetermined range.

A fixing member includes a substrate, an elastic layer on the substrate, and a surface layer on the elastic layer. The surface layer has transverse microhardness values within the range of 85 to 89, inclusive, and a transverse filtered maximum waviness (Wcm) of 0.1 m or more and 4 m or less.