Provided is a fixing member in which hot offset of a toner is difficult to be generated. The fixing member has a substrate and a release layer as a surface layer, wherein the release layer includes PFPE and a second fluororesin, the second fluororesin being at least one selected from PFA and FEP, and in a .sup.19F-NMR spectrum of the release layer measured at a temperature of 200 C., a relaxation time T1 of longitudinal relaxation of a peak derived from PFPE is 0.5 seconds or more and 3.5 seconds or less.

A fixing device includes a rotator, an endless belt, and a nip formation pad. The endless belt contacts the rotator and rotates in a direction of rotation. The nip formation pad contacts an inner circumferential surface of the endless belt to form a fixing nip between the endless belt and the rotator that presses the endless belt against the nip formation pad. The nip formation pad includes a slide layer, a base layer, and a lubricant holding layer. The slide layer contacts the endless belt. The base layer is disposed away from the endless belt. The lubricant holding layer is interposed between the slide layer and the base layer to hold a lubricant inside the lubricant holding layer and supply the lubricant to the slide layer. The slide layer has a porous structure including a plurality of through holes in a thickness direction of the slide layer.

A tubular film used for a fixing apparatus includes a heat generating layer, and a first conductive layer and a second conductive layer respectively provided at one end and another end of the film in a longitudinal direction of the film so as to contact the heat generating layer. The first conductive layer and the second conductive layer each has a volume resistivity that is less than that of the heat generating layer. A low resistance layer is formed in an area of the heat generating layer between the first conductive layer and the second conductive layer in the longitudinal direction, so as not to contact the first conductive layer and the second conductive layer. The low resistance layer has a volume resistivity that is less than that of the heat generating layer, and extends in a circumferential direction of the heat generating layer.

An endless belt includes a base layer having an endless belt shape, an elastic layer provided on the base layer, and a surface layer provided on the elastic layer. The surface layer contains fluororesin. The surface layer is provided with at least one mark portion formed through alteration of the surface layer by spot irradiation with laser light having an ultraviolet-region wavelength.

A tubular body for a fixing member includes: a first layer having a thermal conductivity of 1.0 W/m.Math.K or more; and a second layer containing a resin and particles of a solid material in which heat absorption/release associated with electronic phase transition occurs.

A fixing apparatus, includes a first pressing roller, a belt wound around the first pressing roller, a second pressing roller disposed to face the first pressing roller across the belt and to form a fixing nip portion between itself and the belt, and a roller position changer that changes a position of the second pressing roller, wherein at least one of the first pressing roller and the second pressing roller is a roller including a core metal and a foaming body covering the core metal, and the roller position changer changes a position of the second pressing roller to be able to change a peak surface pressure of the fixing nip portion correspondingly to a kind of a print medium so that a range where maximum shearing strain occurs from an interface between the core metal and the foaming body in the foaming body becomes a predetermined range.

A tubular film used for a fixing apparatus includes a heat generating layer, and a first conductive layer and a second conductive layer provided respectively at one end and another end of the film in a longitudinal direction of the film so as to contact the heat generating layer. The first conductive layer and the second conductive layer both have a lower volume resistivity than that of the heat generating layer. A low-resistance layer is formed in an area of the heat generating layer between the first conductive layer and the second conductive layer in the longitudinal direction so as not to contact the first conductive layer and the second conductive layer. The low-resistance layer has a lower volume resistivity than that of the heat generating layer and extends in a circumferential direction of the heat generating layer.

In a fixing apparatus, a width of a first portion of a first heat generating resistor is narrower than a width of a second portion, at least a portion of an outline of the first portion on the near side with respect to a power shut-off member is provided at a position closer to the power shut-off member than an outline of the second portion on the near side with respect to the power shut-off member, and at least a portion of an outline of the first portion on the far side with respect to the power shut-off member is provided at a position closer to the power shut-off member than an outline of the second portion on the far side with respect to the power shut-off member.

A toner according to an embodiment includes: a toner base particle that includes a binder that contains polyester resin; and an external additive externally added to the toner base particle. A difference obtained by subtracting a specific surface area of the toner after removal of the external additive from a specific surface area of the toner before removal of the external additive is 0.75 m.sup.2/g or more and less than 1.00 m.sup.2/g.

Relating to a sliding member for a fixing device having a resin coating film on a sliding surface, to provide a manufacturing method for the peeling member for the fixing device capable of forming a fine recessed groove as a lubricant reservoir on a surface of the resin coating film. The manufacturing method for the sliding member for the fixing device includes a coating film forming step of forming a resin coating film by drying a resin coating material after applying the resin coating material including a matrix resin on at least a sliding surface of the base material of the sliding member slid on the belt member, a coating film baking step of baking and hardening the resin coating film, and a recessed portion forming step of forming a recessed portion, which becomes a lubricant reservoir when the coating film baking step is performed, on the surface of the resin coating film, after the coating film forming step and before the coating film baking step.