The electrophotographic roller has a surface layer comprising an electro-conductive elastic layer on an electro-conductive substrate. The opening of a bowl-shaped resin particle is exposed on the surface of the electrophotographic roller. The number of contact portions of the convex portion with the glass plate in a square region where a length of a nip in a direction along the circumferential direction of the electrophotographic roller of a nip formed by pressing the roller on the glass plate with a specific load applied as the length of one side and is located at any position in the nip is 8 or more. The average value of the areas of the contact portions is 10 m.sup.2 to 111 m.sup.2. The variation coefficient of the areas of the contact portions and the variation coefficient D of the areas of a plurality of Voronoi regions each including a contact portion satisfy specific relationships.

Provided is an electrophotographic member in which the increase in tackiness is small even in an environment of high temperature and high humidity. The electrophotographic member includes an electroconductive substrate and a surface layer, the surface layer contains resin including at least one of a urethane bond and an amide bond, the resin includes a cationic structure and an anionic structure in a molecule, and also includes a particular main-chain structure with hydrophobicity.

A charging device includes a charging member that charges a member to be charged and a cleaning member that is disposed in contact with a surface of the charging member and that cleans the surface of the charging member. The cleaning member includes a core and two foamed elastic layers disposed adjacent to each other in an axial direction around an outer peripheral surface of the core from one end to another end of the core in a substantially double-helical pattern. The two foamed elastic layers are a first foamed elastic layer having an average skeleton size D1 smaller than an average spacing Sm between irregularities in the surface of the charging member and a second foamed elastic layer having an average skeleton size D2 larger than or equal to the average spacing Sm between the irregularities in the surface of the charging member.

An image forming apparatus which comprises a first image forming unit for forming a toner image for printing by means of a toner for printing and an adhesive image forming unit for forming an image of a powder adhesive by means of a powder adhesive, and which is characterized in that: the toner for printing contains a wax; the powder adhesive contains a wax; and the content of the wax in the powder adhesive is higher than the content of the wax in the toner for printing.

An apparatus main body includes a main casing and a cover configured to rotatably move about a rotational axis located below an opening between an open position and a closed position. A drum cartridge includes a photosensitive drum and is configured to be installed into the apparatus main body through the opening. A developing cartridge includes a developing roller and is configured to be installed into the apparatus main body through the opening. A swing plate is attached swingably to the apparatus main body. The swing plate supports the developing cartridge. The swing plate includes a guide configured to guide installation of the developing cartridge into the apparatus main body. The swing plate is configured to swingably move in a state where the drum cartridge and the developing cartridge are installed in the apparatus main body, thereby causing the developing roller to move relative to the photosensitive drum.

Toner contains a binder resin, a releasing agent, and a tri- or higher metal salt, wherein the toner has a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of from 7,000 to 10,000, a ratio of the weight average molecular weight (Mw) to a number average molecular weight (Mn) of 5 or less, and an acid value of from 6 mgKOH/g to 12 mgKOH/g, wherein the binder resin is a polyester resin, wherein the releasing agent is a monoester wax.

A process cartridge including a drum cartridge, a developing cartridge, and a waste toner container, is provided. The drum cartridge includes a photosensitive drum including a photosensitive layer and a rotation axis extending in an axial direction, a drum cleaner arranged to contact the photosensitive drum, a cleaner frame configured to accommodate the drum cleaner therein, and a waste toner conveyer tube connected with the cleaner frame. The developing cartridge is movable to be attached to and detached from the drum cartridge and includes a developer roller. The waste toner container is movable to be attached to and detached from the drum cartridge. When the developing cartridge and the waste toner container are attached to the drum cartridge, the waste toner container is connected with the waste toner conveyer tube and is located on an opposite side of the developing cartridge to the photosensitive drum.

There is provided an image forming apparatus including: a casing having a drum guide and a developing guide, a drum cartridge having a photosensitive drum and a handle, and a developing cartridge having a developing roller. The developing guide is longer than the drum guide. With the drum cartridge being installed in the casing and with the developing cartridge being removed from the casing, the handle locates at the first position. Further, with the drum cartridge and the developing cartridge being installed in the casing, being pressed by the developing cartridge, the handle locates at the second position farther away from an opening than the first position.

A first guide guides the first cartridge when the first cartridge is mounted onto the main casing. The second guide guides the second cartridge when the second cartridge is mounted onto the main casing. The first and second guides are located in the main casing. The third guide is located at an upstream side of the first guide in a first mounting direction that is a direction in which the first cartridge is guided by the first guide when the first cartridge is mounted onto the main casing. The third guide guides the first cartridge toward the first guide when the first cartridge is mounted onto the main casing. The third guide moves relative to the second guide between a first protruding position at which the third guide protrudes to outside the main casing and a first accommodated position at which the third guide is accommodated in the main casing.

Disclosed herein is an electrophotographic photosensitive member in which leakage hardly occurs even in the case of using a layer containing metal oxide particles as an electrically conductive layer in the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and which is compatible with definition in output images, the electrophotographic photosensitive member sequentially including: a support, an electrically conductive layer, and a photosensitive layer, the electrically conductive layer containing a binder material and particles represented by General Formula (1).
Nb.sub.2.00O.sub.5.00-XN.sub.Y(1)
(In Formula (1), Nb is a niobium atom, O is an oxygen atom, N is a nitrogen atom, and 0.00<Y<X4.00).