Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member that achieves satisfactory transferability. An electrophotographic photosensitive member including a charge generating layer, a charge transporting layer, and a protection layer laminated on a support in the stated order, wherein the protection layer contains a binder resin and particles, and wherein when an average thickness of the protection layer in a site free of the particles is represented by T and a volume-average particle diameter of the particles is represented by Dm in a cross-section of the protection layer, the following formula (a) is satisfied.
Dm>TFormula(a)

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate, a photosensitive layer provided on or above the conductive substrate and containing inorganic oxide particles, and an inorganic protective layer provided on the photosensitive layer. In a particle size distribution of the inorganic oxide particles obtained through cross-sectional observation of the photosensitive layer, the highest peak for small-diameter particles A is present in the range of 20 nm to 50 nm, and the highest peak for large-diameter particles is present in the range of 80 nm to 400 nm, with the threshold particle diameter for the small-diameter particles A and the large-diameter particles being 60 nm, and the relationship between the particle diameter dA at the highest peak for the small-diameter particles A and the particle diameter dB at the highest peak for the large-diameter particles satisfies formula (A1) below:

[00001]$\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{dB}/\mathrm{dA}4..& \left(\mathrm{A1}\right)\end{array}$

An image forming apparatus includes: a casing, a first process cartridge including a first photosensitive drum and a first drum-cleaning unit configured to collect waste toner on the first photosensitive drum, a second process cartridge including a second photosensitive drum and a second drum-cleaning unit configured to collect waste toner on the second photosensitive drum, a cartridge-supporting body movable between an internal position inside the casing and an external position outside of the casing, a conveying unit conveying the waste toner collected by the first and second drum-cleaning units, and a waste toner cartridge accommodating the conveyed waste toner. The casing includes a first positioning plate receiving one end portion of the first and second process cartridges, and a second positioning plate receiving another end portion of the first and second process cartridges. The conveying unit is disposed between the first positioning plate and the second positioning plate.

An image forming apparatus includes an image bearing member unit having an image bearing member, a developing unit including a developer carrying member configured to form a toner image on the image bearing member, and a moving mechanism configured to move the developing unit in interrelation with opening and closing of an openable member. In addition, a moving portion moves the image bearing member unit between a mounting position and a predetermined position a predetermined distance away from the mounting position in an upstream direction with respect to the inserting direction, with the moving portion capable of moving the image bearing member unit to the predetermined position or to a position upstream of the predetermined position with respect to the inserting direction.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate; and a photosensitive layer disposed on the conductive substrate and including a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer, in which the charge transport layer has an average thickness of 30 m or greater, the charge transport layer contains a polyarylate resin, and an absorption spectrum measured by peeling off the photosensitive layer and dissolving the photosensitive layer in tetrahydrofuran satisfies Expression (1) and Expression (2),

[00001]$\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{Iu}0.95Im& \mathrm{Expression}\left(1\right)\end{array}$$\begin{array}{cc}1.05ImI1& \mathrm{Expression}\left(2\right)\end{array}$ in a case where a total length of the electrophotographic photoreceptor in an axial direction is defined as L, Im represents an absorbance of the photosensitive layer at a wavelength of 678 nm, which is peeled from a center of the electrophotographic photoreceptor in the axial direction, Iu represents an absorbance of the photosensitive layer at a wavelength of 678 nm, which is peeled at a position of 0.40 L from the center of the electrophotographic photoreceptor in the axial direction toward one end, and Il represents an absorbance of the photosensitive layer at a wavelength of 678 nm, which is peeled at a position of 0.40 L from the center of the electrophotographic photoreceptor in the axial direction toward the other end.

A printer includes an image forming unit configured to form an image on a sheet by an electrophotographic method, and a recording unit configured to record an image on a sheet by an inkjet method. An image recording position of the recording unit is located above an image forming position of the image forming unit.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate, and a lamination type photosensitive layer disposed on the conductive substrate and including a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer, in which the charge transport layer contains a polyester resin having a constitutional unit containing biphenyl represented by Formula (1), and an amount of an aromatic carboxylic acid halide in the charge transport layer is 1510.sup.8 mol/g or less per unit mass of the charge transport layer,

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in Formula (1), j represents an integer of 0 or greater and 4 or less, j pieces of R.sup.11's each independently represent a methyl group or an ethyl group, k represents an integer of 0 or greater and 4 or less, and k pieces of R.sup.12's each independently represent a methyl group or an ethyl group.

An image forming apparatus includes: a casing, a first process cartridge including a first photosensitive drum and a first drum-cleaning unit configured to collect waste toner on the first photosensitive drum, a second process cartridge including a second photosensitive drum and a second drum-cleaning unit configured to collect waste toner on the second photosensitive drum, a cartridge-supporting body movable between an internal position inside the casing and an external position outside of the casing, a conveying unit conveying the waste toner collected by the first and second drum-cleaning units, and a waste toner cartridge accommodating the conveyed waste toner. The casing includes a first positioning plate receiving one end portion of the first and second process cartridges, and a second positioning plate receiving another end portion of the first and second process cartridges. The conveying unit is disposed between the first positioning plate and the second positioning plate.

A photoconductor is provided. The photoconductor includes a cylindrical conductive support, a water-repellent resin film, a coating film, and a flange. The cylindrical conductive support has an end part having an inner circumferential surface having a surface roughness Rz of from 3 to 10 m. The water-repellent resin film is on the inner circumferential surface of the end part of the cylindrical conductive support. The coating film is on an outer circumferential surface of the cylindrical conductive support. The flange has a cylindrical fitting part having an outer circumferential surface secured to the inner circumferential surface of the end part of the cylindrical conductive support.

An electrophotographic member at least comprising: a base layer; and a surface layer on the base layer, wherein the surface layer comprises a binder resin, a tin oxide-containing particle, and at least one copolymer selected from the group consisting of a polyoxyethylene-polycaprolactone copolymer and a polyoxyethylene-polyvalerolactone copolymer; the binder resin comprises a (meth)acrylic resin; the copolymer has at least one functional group selected from the group consisting of a carboxy group and a phosphate group; and a content percentage of the particle in relation to the surface layer is 2.0% to 10.0% by volume.