An optical reflective device referred to as a skew mirror, having a reflective axis that need not be constrained to surface normal, is described. Examples of skew mirrors are configured to reflect light about a constant reflective axis across a relatively wide range of wavelengths. In some examples, a skew mirror has a constant reflective axis across a relatively wide range of angles of incidence. Exemplary methods for making and using skew minors are also disclosed. Skew mirrors include a grating structure, which in some examples comprises a hologram.

According to an embodiment, a holographic microscope comprises a light source, an optical system splitting light emitted from the light source into an object and a reflective mirror and inducing interference between light reflected by the object or transmitted through the object and light reflected by the reflective mirror, a first image sensor receiving the interference light and sensing interference information for the interference light, a second image sensor receiving the light reflected by the object or transmitted through the object and sensing information for the received light, and an image processor deriving a shape of the object based on the interference information sensed by the first image sensor and the information sensed by the second image sensor.

A method for manufacturing a radial or azimuthal polarization conversion component comprises the steps of: placing a holographic recording material between two right-angle prisms, wherein the holographic recording material is divided into at least four sector-shaped areas and is partially shielded, and only one of the sector-shaped areas is exposed each time; allowing a recording light to pass through the right-angle prisms and the exposed sector-shaped area of the holographic recording material and to interfere with a reflected object light on the holographic recording material; rotating the holographic recording material to expose the other sector-shaped areas one by one to be constructed for manufacturing volume holograms with diffraction angles of 48.19 degrees, 60 degrees or about 85 degrees.

Disclosed are a volume holographic optical diffusion element and a manufacturing method and apparatus thereof. A first lens assembly is provided between a first diffusion element and a holographic photosensitive material layer. A real image of the first diffusion element is projected onto the holographic photosensitive material layer by the first lens assembly. Among rays of light emitted by random point light sources generated when the first diffusion element is irradiated with signal light, only rays within a certain angle range can pass through the first lens assembly due to the constraint of the entrance pupil aperture of the first lens assembly, so that rays of light on a rear side of the real image projected onto the holographic photosensitive material layer have a limited divergence angle.

An optical element is configured to be worn in front of an eye of a wearer. The optical element has two main surfaces and includes at least one holographic diffusive element having diffusive properties resulting from spatial variations of refractive index of said holographic diffusive element. The spatial variation of refractive index is greater than 0.001 at at least one given wavelength, on a distance less than 30 m. An optical equipment includes the optical element and methods for recording a holographic medium onto an optical lens.

A device and a method for manufacturing holographic optical elements. The device includes at least two partial light beams and one interference light beam, one deformable mirror in each case per partial light beam, a control unit, which is configured to actuate the deformable mirrors to adapt a wavefront of the partial light beam, and a holographic film. The deformable mirrors are situated so as to each reflect precisely one partial light beam and to direct the reflected partial light beam on the holographic film, and the interference light beam being directed on the holographic film to interfere with the reflected partial light beams so as to simultaneously generate at least two holographic optical elements.

A method includes providing a multiplicity of masters, each of the masters having a substrate body and at least one master hologram, selecting a sequence of masters from the multiplicity of masters based on a plurality of holograms to be replicated and arranging the sequence of masters on a first carrier to align upper faces of the masters in a horizontal plane, detachably laminating a light-sensitive composite web on the aligned upper faces, exposing the masters to replicate the master holograms in the light-sensitive composite web, and detaching the exposed composite web from the masters. The masters are detachably incorporated in the first carrier such that a sequence and/or composition of the masters for replicating the plurality of holograms is variable. The masters are incorporated in the first carrier such that two or more faces of the masters are optically accessible for exposure.