Method for obtaining an image of a sample (10), comprising: a) illuminating the sample using a light source (11); b) acquiring, using an image sensor (16), a first image (I.sub.1,P0) of the sample (10), said image being formed in the detection plane (P.sub.0), the first image being representative of an exposure light wave (14) propagating, from the sample, to the image sensor, along a first optical path (L.sub.1);
the method comprising, following b) c) modifying an optical refractive index, between the image sensor and the sample; d) following c), acquiring a second image (I.sub.2,P0) of the sample, said image being representative of the exposure light wave (14) along a second optical path (L.sub.2); e) implementing an iterative algorithm that combines the first and second images so as to obtain an image of the sample.

Disclosed herein an apparatus for generating hologram and a method for generating hologram using the same. The apparatus includes: a geometric phase modulator disposed to enable incident light from a target object to pass through and configured to modulate the incident light to a plurality of circular polarizations; an image sensor configured to receive the plurality of circular polarizations and to acquire an interference fringe generated by the plurality of circular polarizations as an image; and a polarization selective element equipped with a liquid crystal element, which controls an output polarization angle of the incident light according to an output polarization signal, and configured to sequentially output the incident light at output polarization angles different from each other.

Apparatuses and methods for comparative holographic imaging to improve structural and molecular information of reconstructions is disclosed herein. An example method at least includes acquiring a plurality of holograms of a sample, wherein each hologram of the plurality of holograms is acquired at a different electron beam energy, and determining atomic and structural information of the sample based at least on a comparison of at least two of the holograms of the plurality of holograms.

A method for observing a sample is placed between a light source and an image sensor, comprising at least 10000 pixels, the light source emits an illuminating beam, which propagates to the sample, the light beam is emitted in an illumination spectral band (Δλ.sub.11) lying above 800 nm, the method comprising the following steps: (a) illuminating the sample with the light source; (b) acquiring an image of the sample (I.sub.0) with the image sensor, no image-forming optics being placed between the sample and the image sensor; and (c) the image sensor being configured such that it has a detection spectral band (Δλ.sub.20), which blocks wavelengths in the visible spectral band, such that the image may be acquired in ambient light.

A UV holographic imaging device offers a low-cost, portable and robust technique to image and distinguish protein crystals from salt crystals, without the need for any expensive and bulky optical components. This “on-chip” device uses a UV LED and a consumer-grade CMOS image sensor de-capped and interfaced to a processor or microcontroller, the information from the crystal samples, which are placed very close to the sensor active area, is captured in the form of in-line holograms and extracted through digital back-propagation. In these holographic amplitude and/or phase reconstructions, protein crystals appear significantly darker compared to the background due to the strong UV absorption, unlike salt crystals, enabling one to clearly distinguish protein and salt crystals. The on-chip UV holographic microscope serves as a low-cost, sensitive, and robust alternative to conventional lens-based UV-microscopes used in protein crystallography.

A system and method comprise a light source; a spatial light modulator including a substantially transparent material layer and a phase modulation layer; an imaging device configured to receive a light from the light source as reflected by the spatial light modulator, and to generate an image data; and a controller. The controller provides a phase-drive signal to the spatial light modulator and determines an attenuating wavefront of the substantially transparent material layer based on the image data.

Disclosed are optical interrogation apparatus that can produce lens-free images using an optoelectronic sensor array to generate a holographic image of sample objects, such as microorganisms in a sample. Also disclosed are methods of detecting and/or identifying microorganisms in a biological sample, such as microorganisms present in low levels. Also disclosed are methods of using systems to detect microorganisms in a biological sample, such as microorganisms present in low levels. In addition or as an alternative, the methods of using systems may identify microorganisms present in a sample and/or determine antimicrobial susceptibility of such microorganisms.

An advance in ultra-high-resolution optical imaging has been achieved by the introduction of iterative high-resolution image-building algorithms to incoherent holography. A recorded FINCH hologram is used as the basis of a method in which a high resolution image is built using detailed knowledge of the point spread functions of the FINCH hologram or reconstructed image, and then iteratively improved by successive algorithm generations of comparison to the recorded FINCH hologram and alteration of the high resolution image.

A totagram is produced by an iterative spectral phase recovery process resulting in complete information recovery using special masks, without a reference beam. Using these special masking systems reduce computation time, number of masks, and number of iterations. The special masking system is (1) a unity mask together with one or more bipolar binary masks with elements equal to 1 and −1, or (2) a unity mask together with one or more phase masks, or (3) a unity mask together with one pair of masks or more than one pair of masks having binary amplitudes of 0's and 1's, in which the masks in the pair are complementary to each other with respect to amplitude, or (4) one or more pairs of complementary masks with binary amplitudes of 0's and 1's without a unity mask.

The present disclosure relates to an apparatus, method and system for generating a foveated image. According to the present disclosure, an apparatus for generating a foveated image, the apparatus may comprise a communicator configured to transmit and receive a signal and a processor configured to control the communicator, wherein the processor distinguishes objects comprised in a hologram, which is generated for a front field of view by using input light, selects an object to be targeted among the distinguished objects, and generates a foveated image by using depth information of the targeted object.