The disclosure relates to a modular safety switching apparatus for controlling a plurality of electrical devices, comprising: a first safety switching module comprising a first switching signal output configured to control a first electrical device; a second safety switching module comprising a second switching signal output configured to control a second electrical device; and a connection element configured to electrically connect the first safety switching module to the second safety switching module; wherein the second safety switching module is downstream in signal transmission to the first safety switching module, and wherein the first safety switching module is configured to be deactivated in response to receiving a first control signal and is further configured to feed a second control signal to the second safety switching module to deactivate the second safety switching module.

The disclosure relates to a modular safety switching apparatus for controlling a plurality of electrical devices, comprising: a first safety switching module comprising a first switching signal output configured to control a first electrical device; a second safety switching module comprising a second switching signal output configured to control a second electrical device; and a connection element configured to electrically connect the first safety switching module to the second safety switching module; wherein the second safety switching module is downstream in signal transmission to the first safety switching module, and wherein the first safety switching module is configured to be deactivated in response to receiving a first control signal and is further configured to feed a second control signal to the second safety switching module to deactivate the second safety switching module.

A power-source monitoring apparatus according to an embodiment includes an abnormality detecting unit, a measurement unit, and a recording unit. The abnormality detecting unit detects an abnormality in a power source. The power source supplies electric power to an autonomous driving apparatus of a vehicle. The measurement unit measures an elapsed time interval from a time point at which the abnormality detecting unit detects an abnormality in the power source. The recording unit records therein the elapsed time interval measured by the measurement unit.

A power-source monitoring apparatus according to an embodiment includes an abnormality detecting unit, a measurement unit, and a recording unit. The abnormality detecting unit detects an abnormality in a power source. The power source supplies electric power to an autonomous driving apparatus of a vehicle. The measurement unit measures an elapsed time interval from a time point at which the abnormality detecting unit detects an abnormality in the power source. The recording unit records therein the elapsed time interval measured by the measurement unit.

A sputter-ion-pump system includes a sputter ion pump and an electronic drive. The electronic drive supplies a voltage across the ion pump to establish, in cooperation with a magnetic field, a Penning trap within the ion pump. A current sensor measures the Penning-trap current across the Penning trap. The Penning trap is used as an indication of pressure within the ion pump or a vacuum chamber including or in fluid communication with the ion pump. The pressure information can be used to determine flow rates, e.g., due to a load, outgassing, and/or leakage from an ambient.

A sputter-ion-pump system includes a sputter ion pump and an electronic drive. The electronic drive supplies a voltage across the ion pump to establish, in cooperation with a magnetic field, a Penning trap within the ion pump. A current sensor measures the Penning-trap current across the Penning trap. The Penning trap is used as an indication of pressure within the ion pump or a vacuum chamber including or in fluid communication with the ion pump. The pressure information can be used to determine flow rates, e.g., due to a load, outgassing, and/or leakage from an ambient.

A computer-implemented method for testing a system for at least one requirement. The method includes: the requirement is received in machine-readable form, at least one first input variable is ascertained for the test of the system for the received requirement, a design of the system is simulated as a function of the ascertained first input variable, an output variable of the simulated system is ascertained and it is ascertained as a function of the output variable whether the system meets the requirement, it is checked whether the simulation meets a quality requirement, if the simulation meets the quality requirement and the system meets the requirement, it is checked whether a sufficient test coverage is reached for the requirement, if the sufficient test coverage for the requirement is reached, the test for the requirement is completed.

A computer-implemented method for testing a system for at least one requirement. The method includes: the requirement is received in machine-readable form, at least one first input variable is ascertained for the test of the system for the received requirement, a design of the system is simulated as a function of the ascertained first input variable, an output variable of the simulated system is ascertained and it is ascertained as a function of the output variable whether the system meets the requirement, it is checked whether the simulation meets a quality requirement, if the simulation meets the quality requirement and the system meets the requirement, it is checked whether a sufficient test coverage is reached for the requirement, if the sufficient test coverage for the requirement is reached, the test for the requirement is completed.

A method of monitoring building compliance with healthy building guidelines includes obtaining current parameter values for a plurality of different parameters from a plurality of sensors disposed within a plurality of different zones of a building. For each of the parameters, the current parameter value received from each of the plurality of different zones is compared with a corresponding healthy building range for that parameter as specified by the healthy building guidelines. A healthy building dashboard is displayed that includes a summary that shows, for each of the plurality of different parameters, how many zones of the plurality of different zones of the building are within the corresponding healthy building range for that parameter and/or how many zones of the plurality of different zones are not within the corresponding healthy building range for that parameter.

A high-frequency electrotome control system and a control method thereof are disclosed. The high-frequency electrotome control system includes an electrotome activation pedal, a master-slave control system, and a high-frequency electrotome activation hardware arbitration module. The high-frequency electrotome activation hardware arbitration module is connected with the electrotome activation pedal and configured to detect the state of the electrotome activation pedal. The high-frequency electrotome activation hardware arbitration module is connected with the master-slave control system and configured to activate an electrotome control output based on the state of the electrotome activation pedal and an electrotome control signal from the master-slave control system.