Certain aspects of the present disclosure relate to virtualizing battery resources for grid service applications. In particular, some of these aspects provide a method for configuring a plurality of virtual energy storage devices in an energy storage device of a fixed energy storage system; and performing two or more grid services concurrently with two or more virtual energy storage devices of the plurality of virtual energy storage devices.

An application processor receives first and safety state information from first and second microcontrollers, and respective first and second sets of bytes forming a first identifier of the first microcontroller and a second identifier of the second microcontroller. The processor concatenates a safety message including the first and second safety state information, the safety message including the first set of bytes and the second set of bytes. The processor transmits the safety message to a second application processor of a safety controller, which separates, the first set of bytes and the second set of bytes, compares at least one of the first set of bytes and the second set of bytes to a data structure of known microcontroller identifiers, and verifies the safety state information based on identifying a match.

A variable air volume controller includes a communications interface and a processing circuit. The communications interface is configured to facilitate communication with an external device and building equipment. The processing circuit is configured to store a plurality of predefined, selectable-applications; receive a selection of one of the plurality of predefined, selectable-applications; and implement the selected application such that the building equipment is controlled according to the selected application.

A variable air volume controller includes a communications interface and a processing circuit. The communications interface is configured to facilitate communication with an external device and building equipment. The processing circuit is configured to store a plurality of predefined, selectable-applications; receive a selection of one of the plurality of predefined, selectable-applications; and implement the selected application such that the building equipment is controlled according to the selected application.

A control device includes: a program execution module that executes a program created depending on a control target; a detection module that determines whether a security event occurs in access from outside to the control device; and a notification module that provides a notification, upon detection of occurrence of the security event, to a notification destination corresponding to the occurred security event. The security event includes an event that does not conform to a predetermined rule.

A control device includes: a program execution module that executes a program created depending on a control target; a detection module that determines whether a security event occurs in access from outside to the control device; and a notification module that provides a notification, upon detection of occurrence of the security event, to a notification destination corresponding to the occurred security event. The security event includes an event that does not conform to a predetermined rule.

A system (100) for controlling a plurality of lines (10), with each line (10) being at least one of a production line and a distribution line, comprises: a first subsystem (30), hereinafter referred to as “master room subsystem”, comprising a first control device (40) hosting an OPC UA server (45); and, for each line (10), a second subsystem (50), hereinafter referred to as “line control subsystem”, comprising: (a) a second control device (60) on which an operating system is running, the second control device (60) hosting an OPC UA client (65); (b) at least one field device (70); and (c) a connection device (80) arranged for allowing communication between the field device(s) (70) and the second control device (60). The field device(s) (70) is connected to the second control device (60) through a point-to-point digital communication interface, the second control device (60) having one port per field device (70).

A system (100) for controlling a plurality of lines (10), with each line (10) being at least one of a production line and a distribution line, comprises: a first subsystem (30), hereinafter referred to as “master room subsystem”, comprising a first control device (40) hosting an OPC UA server (45); and, for each line (10), a second subsystem (50), hereinafter referred to as “line control subsystem”, comprising: (a) a second control device (60) on which an operating system is running, the second control device (60) hosting an OPC UA client (65); (b) at least one field device (70); and (c) a connection device (80) arranged for allowing communication between the field device(s) (70) and the second control device (60). The field device(s) (70) is connected to the second control device (60) through a point-to-point digital communication interface, the second control device (60) having one port per field device (70).

A system for determining remaining useful energy in an electric aircraft, the system including a computing device where the computing device is configured to measure a internal state datum of a battery as a function of at least a sensor, receive the internal state datum from the at least a sensor, generate a useful energy remaining datum as a function of the internal state datum and a battery model, and display the useful energy remaining datum to a user.

A system for determining remaining useful energy in an electric aircraft, the system including a computing device where the computing device is configured to measure a internal state datum of a battery as a function of at least a sensor, receive the internal state datum from the at least a sensor, generate a useful energy remaining datum as a function of the internal state datum and a battery model, and display the useful energy remaining datum to a user.