Methods and systems of heating a substrate in a vacuum deposition process include a resistive heater having a resistive heating element. Radiative heat emitted from the resistive heating element has a wavelength in a mid-infrared band from 5 μm to 40 μm that corresponds to a phonon absorption band of the substrate. The substrate comprises a wide bandgap semiconducting material and has an uncoated surface and a deposition surface opposite the uncoated surface. The resistive heater and the substrate are positioned in a vacuum deposition chamber. The uncoated surface of the substrate is spaced apart from and faces the resistive heater. The uncoated surface of the substrate is directly heated by absorbing the radiative heat.

The present disclosure includes systems and methods for controlling temperature in an electronic device. An electronic device includes a number of heat-emitting components, a plurality of compartments, and a processor. The processor is configured to identify a temperature in one of the compartments of the electronic device, determine whether the identified temperature in the one compartment exceeds a threshold for the one compartment, and in response to determining that the identified temperature for the one compartment exceeds the threshold, modify, based on the identified temperature, operation of a component of the number of heat-emitting components that is located in the one compartment to reduce the temperature in the one compartment.

A heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system in which a primary water loop is used as a heat transfer reservoir for both heating and cooling. A plurality of micro chillers are provided, with each micro chiller being connected to the primary water loop. Each micro chiller includes its own heat engine. Each micro chiller includes one or more fan control units that exchange heat between the micro chiller and the air in a building. In a first mode a micro chiller transfers heat from the air in the building to the water circulating within the primary water loop. In a second mode the micro chiller transfers heat from the water circulating in the primary water loop to the air in the building. A primary water loop regulation system is provided to control the temperature of the water circulating in the primary water loop.

Embodiments of the present disclosure provide systems and methods for determining temperature profile associated with a thermal storage tank of a hydronic system. The method performed by a control unit includes monitoring a flow rate and a temperature of a volume of hot water and a volume of cold water entering a thermal storage tank via a set of flowmeters and a set of temperature sensors, respectively. The method includes determining a current location of plurality of water layers in the thermal storage tank. The method further includes computing an average temperature value of the at least the hot water and the cold water withdrawn from the thermal storage tank. The method includes generating a temperature profile of the thermal storage tank based at least on the current location, the flow rate and the temperature of the hot water and the cold water, and the average temperature value.

A system and a method include receiving, by a processor, from environmental sensors, environmental output data measurements. The environmental sensors are located at a site location. An health impact scoring algorithm computes a plurality of health impact scores from the environmental output data measurements. An overall health impact score at the site location is computed from the any of the health impact scores having a lowest value. A machine learning model generates at least one recommendation for remediating at least one verified environmental hazard type. At least one of the overall health impact score, the at least one verified environmental hazard type, or the at least one recommendation are displayed on a computing device. An instruction is sent to environment-controlling equipment located at the site location to change an operational parameter of the environment-controlling equipment to mitigate the at least one verified environmental hazard type.

The present disclosure provides a liquid constant temperature heating apparatus, an infusion device and a formula milk preparation device. The liquid constant temperature heating apparatus includes: a heating portion, the heating portion having a heating chamber, and the heating chamber having a liquid inlet and a liquid outlet; a liquid inlet pipe, the liquid inlet pipe being connected with the liquid inlet of the heating portion; a liquid outlet pipe, the liquid outlet pipe being connected with the liquid outlet of the heating portion; a temperature sensor, the temperature sensor being arranged on the liquid outlet pipe and in communication with the heating portion; and a controller, which is in signal connection with the temperature sensor by a signal and configured to control heating of the heating portion according to a measurement result of the temperature sensor.

A heating system for use in the manufacture of copper coated double-layer steel tubes having a casing (10) in which the roll-wrapped tube is heated to a predefined temperature value. The heating system comprises a sensor (17) configured in an outer portion of the casing (10) such that the sensor (17) is able to determine a temperature value within the casing (10).

The present disclosure provides a liquid constant temperature heating apparatus, an infusion device and a formula milk preparation device. The liquid constant temperature heating apparatus includes: a heating portion, the heating portion having a heating chamber, and the heating chamber having a liquid inlet and a liquid outlet; a liquid inlet pipe, the liquid inlet pipe being connected with the liquid inlet of the heating portion; a liquid outlet pipe, the liquid outlet pipe being connected with the liquid outlet of the heating portion; a temperature sensor, the temperature sensor being arranged on the liquid outlet pipe and in communication with the heating portion; and a controller, which is in signal connection with the temperature sensor by a signal and configured to control heating of the heating portion according to a measurement result of the temperature sensor.

A system and method of monitoring the performance of an HVAC system including a controller in communication with an HVAC unit where the method includes monitoring environmental conditions using a controller. A target rate of change in indoor air temperature (IATR) can then be established. One or more adjusted environmental values can be adjusted to account for the adjusted IATR measurement. An adjusted IATR value can be established using one ore more equations adjusting for a target sensible capacity value of one or more environmental factors in comparison to the measured sensible capacity of the one or more environmental factors to determine the adjusted IATR. The environmental factors can include but not limited to the indoor air temperature, indoor humidity, outdoor air temperature, and any other measured parameter that could affect system capacity. The system can generate an alert when the adjusted IATR value reaches a pre-determined threshold. Similarly, the system can generate and display the results to a user via graphic user interface, such as a monitor or smart phone display.

A pump control system receives inputs from a low level fluid level sensor, a high level fluid level sensor, and/or a temperature sensor. Based on inputs from the sensors, and in response to sensed trouble conditions, duplex pumping or pump specific simplex operation is restricted based on past and present pump current draws. Furthermore, using the temperature sensor and a temperature sensor output device, the temperature of the sump environment can be monitored at will from a remote location.