An apparatus for simulating an insertion of an elongated instrument into a subject, comprising: a frame extending between two end walls along a first axis and two lateral walls along a second axis, one of the two end walls being provided with an insertion aperture and one of the two lateral walls being provided an insertion hole, the insertion aperture defining a first passageway and the insertion hole defining a second passageway, the first and second passageways intersecting each other at an intersection point; and a sensing unit contained within the frame and configured for measuring at least one of a displacement of the elongated member and a rotation of the elongated member, the sensing unit being positioned adjacent to the intersection point for performing the measurement of the at least one of the displacement and the rotation at the intersection point.

A simulated tissue structure and a method for making the same is provided. The simulated tissue structure is made to have a longitudinal strength that is sufficient to withstand manipulations and movements when used with a simulated surgical training model while still being severable by conventional and electro-surgical tools. The simulated tissue structure has a first and second inner layer that is encompassed by an outer layer. Portions of the first inner layer are connectable with other simulated organs to simulate conditions for training laparoscopic procedures.

A simulated tissue structure and a method for making the same is provided. The simulated tissue structure is made to have a longitudinal strength that is sufficient to withstand manipulations and movements when used with a simulated surgical training model while still being severable by conventional and electro-surgical tools. The simulated tissue structure has a first and second inner layer that is encompassed by an outer layer. Portions of the first inner layer are connectable with other simulated organs to simulate conditions for training laparoscopic procedures.

Provided is an organ model fixing tool that easily enables stable fixing, attachment/detachment, and positional adjustment of an organ model in a state where a thoracic cavity simulator is tilted. This fixing tool is for fixing the posture of an organ model with respect to a thoracic cavity simulator that is provided with a human body skeleton model. The fixing tool is provided with: a base that can be housed inside the rib part of the thoracic cavity simulator; a backbone engaging mechanism that is provided to the backside of the base, and that is to be engaged with a projected part of the backbone part of the thoracic cavity simulator so as to be attached in a slidable manner in the longitudinal direction of the backbone part; a longitudinal partition that is provided to the surface of the base so as to partition the base left and right.

A colpotomy model is provided for assisting in the training and practice of users performing a colpotomy procedure. The colpotomy model has a simulated vaginal opening which covers a proximal end of a simulated pelvic frame and a simulated vaginal canal which defines an internal space that encompasses a simulated cervix. The simulated cervix is suspended via at least one cord to provide a realistic response to user interaction with the simulated cervix. The user is directed to manipulate the simulated cervix and make one or more incisions where the simulated vaginal canal becomes reflected near the simulated cervix from the manipulations. The user is then directed to continue through the colpotomy model to access a simulated peritoneal cavity or other portions of the colpotomy model in accordance with a simulated procedure being performed.

A colpotomy model is provided for assisting in the training and practice of users performing a colpotomy procedure. The colpotomy model has a simulated vaginal opening which covers a proximal end of a simulated pelvic frame and a simulated vaginal canal which defines an internal space that encompasses a simulated cervix. The simulated cervix is suspended via at least one cord to provide a realistic response to user interaction with the simulated cervix. The user is directed to manipulate the simulated cervix and make one or more incisions where the simulated vaginal canal becomes reflected near the simulated cervix from the manipulations. The user is then directed to continue through the colpotomy model to access a simulated peritoneal cavity or other portions of the colpotomy model in accordance with a simulated procedure being performed.

An anatomical teaching model can be used to demonstrate principles of breast and/or abdominal surgical procedures. The model can include a female-shaped torso, a pectoralis major muscle piece attachable to the chest wall surface, and a breast tissue piece is positionable over the pectoralis major muscle piece. The model can further include a pair of rectus muscle pieces attachable to the abdominal wall surface and an abdominal tissue piece positionable over the pair of rectus muscle pieces. The pair of rectus muscle pieces have two sections of material positionable symmetrically about a sagittal plane of the female-shaped torso. Relative positions of the pair of rectus muscle pieces and the abdominal tissue piece are manipulable to permit a clinician to demonstrate at least one of a female anatomy, a surgical procedure to the female anatomy, or a condition resulting from the surgical procedure.

A modular surrogate can include: a body having an external body surface with an anatomical shape, wherein the body includes an internal chamber with at least one port formed in the body extending inwardly; at least one anatomical module having an external module portion and a module stem coupled thereto, the module stem being received into a corresponding module port of the at least one port, the external module portion having an external module surface with an anatomical shape, the external body surface matches with the external module surface to provide a continuous anatomical shape; at least one sensor located in the at least one anatomical module; and at least one controller, wherein when the at least one anatomical module is coupled with the body, the at least one sensor is capable of being operably coupled with the at least one controller.

A modular surrogate can include: a body having an external body surface with an anatomical shape, wherein the body includes an internal chamber with at least one port formed in the body extending inwardly; at least one anatomical module having an external module portion and a module stem coupled thereto, the module stem being received into a corresponding module port of the at least one port, the external module portion having an external module surface with an anatomical shape, the external body surface matches with the external module surface to provide a continuous anatomical shape; at least one sensor located in the at least one anatomical module; and at least one controller, wherein when the at least one anatomical module is coupled with the body, the at least one sensor is capable of being operably coupled with the at least one controller.

A heart model is retained in a container for a catheter simulator. The container includes an accommodating unit for accommodating a liquid, having side walls and a bottom surface, a connection unit attached to one of the side walls and retaining the heart model, and an installation part provided on one of the side walls. The installation part is configured to insert a catheter from an outside of the container into the simulated blood vessel of the heart model. The connection unit includes a holding protrusion protruding inside the accommodating unit, and a communicating hole. A front end of the holding protrusion is open so that the heart model is detachable from and reattachable to the holding protrusion by inserting and extracting a terminal of the heart model.