Methods and systems for thermoregulation of injured tissue, medical specimens and other perishable materials are disclosed. Thermoregulation systems can comprise a thermoelectric device comprising a thermoelectric element within a flexible sleeve such that the sleeve can be applied circumferentially within an orthopedic positioner. Methods for shipping medical specimens under precise temperature control are disclosed by actively regulating the temperature within containers and at the surface of the specimen. Methods for treating injured tissue that demonstrate increased precision and control are disclosed.

An elastic material or other stretch material formed as a layer or cylinder and capable of holding hot or cold temperature and radiating such temperature through contact and an elastic fabric adhered to the elastic material capable of providing a protective cover and a fabric liner between a user's skin and the elastic material and, thus, functions to conform to user's body providing evenly distributed encompassing cold or hot temperature application, a fabric liner between user's skin and the hot or cold therapy, even application of compression therapy without the need for clips or buckles.