Filter wheel assemblies with a single actuation point to control positioning of front and rear optical filter elements simultaneously and to provide high channel density with a plurality of selectable optical filter pairs. A filter wheel assembly may include a plurality of optical filter element pairs arranged around a common axis, wherein each of the plurality of optical filter element pairs includes a first filter element and a complementary filter element, wherein each first filter element and each complementary filter element has a surface having a normal component directed toward an inner portion of the filter wheel assembly.

A method and an apparatus for beam analysis in an optical system are disclosed, wherein a plurality of beam parameters of a beam propagating along an optical axis are ascertained. The method includes: splitting the beam into a plurality of partial beams which have a focus offset in the longitudinal direction in relation to the optical axis; recording a measurement image produced by these partial beams; carrying out a forward simulation of the beam in the optical system on the basis of estimated initial values for the beam parameters in order to obtain a simulated image; and calculating a set of values for the beam parameters on the basis of the comparison between the simulated image and the measurement image.

An electronic device may be provided with input-output devices and other components such as optical components that emit light and optical components that detect light. An optical component covering structure may be interposed between an interior region of the electronic device and an exterior region that surrounds the electronic device. The optical components may be formed in the interior region of the electronic device. The optical component covering structure may overlap the optical components. The optical component covering structure may be configured to exhibit a flat visible light transmission spectrum. This neutral light transmission characteristic allows the overlapped optical components to emit and/or receive light through the optical component covering structure without imposing an undesired color cast. The optical component covering structure may include first and second layers with complementary light transmission characteristics. When viewed from the exterior region, the optical component covering structure may exhibit a non-neutral color.

A method and an apparatus for beam analysis in an optical system are disclosed, wherein a plurality of beam parameters of a beam propagating along an optical axis are ascertained. The method includes: splitting the beam into a plurality of partial beams which have a focus offset in the longitudinal direction in relation to the optical axis; recording a measurement image produced by these partial beams; carrying out a forward simulation of the beam in the optical system on the basis of estimated initial values for the beam parameters in order to obtain a simulated image; and calculating a set of values for the beam parameters on the basis of the comparison between the simulated image and the measurement image.

An illuminance calibrating device includes a reference light source and an illuminance detection device. The reference light source, which generates light with a specific wavelength and a source illuminance, adjusts the source illuminance to be a first illuminance according to a control signal. The illuminance detection device includes a shading plate, an illuminance detector, and a controller. The shading plate is configured to lower the first illuminance to a first shading illuminance. The illuminance detector detects the first shading illuminance to generate a detection signal. The controller generates the control signal and calculates a ratio of the first illuminance to the first shading illuminance according to the detection signal.

An electronic device may have a display with a cover layer. An ambient light sensor may be aligned with an ambient light sensor window formed from an opening in a masking layer on the cover layer in an inactive portion of the display. To help mask the ambient light sensor window from view, the ambient light sensor window may be provided with a black coating that matches the appearance of surrounding masking layer material while allowing light to reach the ambient light sensor. The black coating may be formed from a black physical vapor deposition thin-film inorganic layer with a high index of refraction. An antireflection layer formed from a stack of dielectric layers may be interposed between the black thin-film inorganic layer and the display cover layer.

A color ambient light sensor may gather ambient light measurements during operation of an electronic device. The color ambient light sensor may have a color ambient light detector and an adjustable neutral density filter. The electronic device may have components such as a camera and display that are adjusted using ambient light information from the color ambient light sensor. The display may have a display cover layer. Pixels in an active area of the display may display images through the display cover layer. An inactive area of the display may have an opaque masking layer on an interior surface of the display cover layer. An opening in the opaque masking layer may form an ambient light sensor window for the color ambient light sensor. The adjustable neutral density filter may be interposed between the color ambient light detector and the ambient light sensor window.

Disclosed is a system for combining multiple signals or sensor measurements, representing the same physical phenomenon, into a consolidated signal or measurement describing the given physical phenomenon more accurately or precisely, the system comprising a control system to automatically set or adjust the gain of the multiple signals or measurements, and a merging subsystem. The primary application is as an adaptive High Dynamic Range (HDR) sensing system. Disclosed are systems based on it. Such as for the viewing of electric are welding or other phenomena having extreme variation in exposure or signal level. In some embodiments the system includes a machine learning module that adapts to scene or subject matter changes, temporarily, spatially, or spatiotemporally. Coupled dynamic dynamic-range (D.sup.2R) compositing operates by assembling sensor information, such as images or audio, from multiple strong and weak exposures that are allowed to move and change over time, as lighting conditions or sound conditions change over time in their amplitude-domain properties. A feed back-control method automatically adjusts multiple exposure value settings for HDR compositing. To increase the dynamic range of a sensory process, such as video capture. The system is designed to asymptotically approach an optimal distribution of camera exposure control settings, under varying lighting conditions and motion, to capture an extremely high dynamic range for HDR compositing. This exposure array control system is designed to improve the effective dynamic range of cameras, audio recorders, and other sensors. Applications include an audio recorder that can be taken out of one's pocket, and used to record an earthquake or a ballistics test, and then the whispers of a mouse in a quiet room all without adjusting any volume or gain adjustments, and using ordinary sensors and ordinary analog-to-digital converters (ADC's) with a limited inherent dynamic range. Welding vision systems, autonomous robot and spacecraft vision systems, acoustic recorders in geology/mining, and scientific cameras and signal recorders, are all particular applications of this system, requiring extreme dynamic ranges with unpredictable, nonstationary signals. We have devised a new method for automatic exposure-setting control, to enable coupled dynamic dynamic-range (CD.sup.2R) video compositing. Rather than an HDR system that needs to be tuned for each lighting scenario (e.g. indoors with two exposures, and then returned outdoors with three exposures when viewing the sun or welding). The feedback control system adapts to the dynamic histogram of each exposure image to control all the exposure settings in tan

A device, in particular, a pyranometer, for measuring solar irradiance, comprises a light detection means and a temperature measurement means, and for which the temperature measurement means is configured to measure the temperature of the light detection means, and a data processing means configured to determine the irradiance by taking into account, in situ, the temperature of the light detection means. An irradiance measurement system and an irradiance measurement method are also disclosed.

An intelligent light adjusting system and method thereof in a crop growth process are provided. The intelligent light adjusting system includes a parameter measurement device, a parameter processing device, a light source control device and a light source assembly. The parameter measurement device is for measuring a specified parameter in the crop growth process. The parameter processing device is for acquiring a light source parameter of the light source control device, based on the specified parameter. The light source control device is for controlling lighting of the light source assembly, based on the light source parameter.