In a Raman microscope, a depth measurement processor performs depth measurement by changing a focal position of laser light along a depth direction of a sample which is an irradiation direction of the laser light with respect to the sample, and meanwhile, acquiring a Raman spectrum of the sample at a plurality of points in the depth direction. A display processor displays an input screen used to input a parameter at a time of performing the depth measurement on the sample in association with a surface image of the sample on a stage. The parameter includes a range in which the focal position of the laser light is changed along the depth direction and an interval between the plurality of points within the range.

Pulsed fluorescence imaging in a light deficient environment is disclosed. A system includes an emitter for emitting pulses of electromagnetic radiation and an image sensor comprising a pixel array for sensing reflected electromagnetic radiation. The system includes a controller configured to synchronize timing of the emitter and the image sensor. The system is such that at least a portion of the pulses of electromagnetic radiation emitted by the emitter comprises electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength from about 770 nm to about 790 nm or from about 795 nm to about 815 nm.

A laser ablation tomography system includes a specimen stage for supporting a specimen. A specimen axis is defined such that a specimen disposed generally on the axis may be imaged. A laser system is operable to produce a laser sheet in a plane intersecting the specimen axis and generally perpendicular thereto. An imaging system is operable to image the area where the laser sheet intersects the specimen axis.

A light radiating portion radiates light with wavelength λ1 having predetermined absorptivity for an object and light with wavelength λ2 having smaller absorptivity for the object than the wavelength λ1, to a target, so as to scan in 2-dimensional directions. A light receiving portion receives scattered lights reflected by the target based on light with wavelength λ1 and light with wavelength λ2. A measuring portion generates information used for detection of the object at the target, based on difference between the two scattered lights with wavelength λ1 and wavelength λ2 received by the light receiving portion. An output portion outputs whether or not the object is present at the target, by 2-dimensional area information, based on scanning by the light radiating portion and information generated by the measuring portion.

A system, wearable device, and method include a light emitter configured to emit light at a first wavelength of between approximately 900 and 1000 nanometers and at a second wavelength of approximately 1350 nanometers, a first light detector spaced at a first distance from the light emitter, and a second light detector spaced at a second distance from the light emitter, the second distance approximately twice the first distance. At least one of hydration and glycogen of muscle tissue is determinable based on a relationship between backscatter light from the muscle tissue as detected by the second light detector and backscatter light from non-muscle tissue as detected by the first light detector.

A multichannel color measurement instrument for measuring spectral properties of a target comprises pick-up optics to collect measurement light, first and second anamorphic optical paths optically coupled to the pick up optics, a pick-up polarizing element located to polarize measurement light in the second anamorphic optical path, a reference anamorphic optical path including a reference illumination source, and a two-dimensional variable filter sensor having an optically transmissive filter function that varies in a first direction parallel to a surface of the variable filter sensor and is substantially constant in a second direction parallel to a surface of the variable filter sensor and orthogonal to the first direction. The anamorphic optical paths spread the measurement light in the first direction direct it on to different portions of the variable filter sensor.

Methods and apparatus for obtaining a vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) image using a discrete frequency infrared (DFIR) microscope are disclosed. The method includes generating a pulsed laser beam comprising a spectral frequency, which may be tunable; modulating the laser beam to generate circularly polarized light; illuminating a sample and collecting, and detecting an optical signal transmitted or transflected from the location of the sample. The detected signal is demodulated at, for example, both the pulse frequency and the sum or difference of the pulse frequency and the modulating frequency to obtain an intensity value that correspond to the absorbance, and a polarization-dependent value that corresponds to the VCD. Other configurations of the apparatus may be employed to measure VCB and VLD.

A surgical access assembly comprises a trocar and a surgical instrument. The trocar comprises a housing and an access tube extending distally from the housing. The housing comprises a hollow light emitter. The housing and the access tube define a lumen extending through the housing and the access tube. The hollow light emitter is configured to project light in the lumen. The surgical instrument comprises an end effector and a shaft extending proximally from the end effector. The shaft comprises an optical receiver positioned within reach of the light from the hollow light emitter. The shaft further comprises a light guide extending from the optical receiver along at least a portion of the shaft toward the end effector.

Apparatus for determining information associated with reflection characteristics of a surface comprising a sensor (60) configured to generate sensor output dependent on an intensity of light incident on the sensor and having a field of view directed at an external surface (57) in use; an illumination source (58) configured to emit light onto the external surface in use; an optically transparent window (61) located such as to allow light to pass from the illumination source to the external surface and to allow light to pass to the sensor from the external surface in use; a light concentrator (66) fixed to or integral with the window, the light concentrator being configured to concentrate at least some light from the illumination source onto the external surface in use such that the concentrated light may be reflected from the external surface onto the sensor via the window; and a processor (40) configured to use the sensor output to determine information associated with reflection characteristics of the external surface.

A spectrometry device includes a controller that: causes first irradiated light and second irradiated light to be irradiated from a first light emitter and a second light emitter at mutually different timings; stores information relating to a first light reception signal and information relating to a second light reception signal in a storage at mutually different timings, in synchronization with irradiation timings of the first irradiation light and the second irradiation light; acquires information relating to a first optical spectrum based on the information relating to the first light reception signal stored in the storage during a first time period; and acquires information relating to a second optical spectrum based on the information relating to the second reception signal stored in the storage during a second time period.