An optically powered cryogenic FPA with an optical data link eliminates electrical penetrations of the cryogenic chamber for power delivery thereby reducing heat leaks into the cold volume by copper wires and EMI. An optical splitter receives and separates an optical input signal into an optical carrier signal, an optical Data IN signal and an optical power signal. An optical-to-electrical (O/E) converter converts the optical power signal into an electrical power signal, which is converted into a plurality of DC voltage signals to supply power within the chamber. An optical data link modulates the optical carrier signal with electrical signals from the ROIC to form and output an optical Data OUT signal.

An infrared detector includes a substrate in which a void is formed, a micro-resonator suspended over the void, an infrared absorber on an upper surface of the micro-resonator, a thermal isolation bridge supporting the micro-resonator, a first waveguide optically coupled with the micro-resonator, a second waveguide intersecting the first waveguide and optically coupled with the micro-resonator, a light source optically coupled with the first waveguide, and a photodetector optically coupled with the second waveguide.

The invention offers high resolution and accuracy for nanoscale device characterization from ultraviolet through microwave wavelengths. Instead of collecting light after emission in near-field that decays to far-field, the present invention directly couples the near-field waves to a polaritonic-coated probe. The polaritonic coating can be formed on an wavelength tuned optical fiber to receive the coupled emission and form polaritons, including plasmons, phonons, and magnons, using the polaritonic material. The polaritons propagate along the probe decay back into the fiber core without substantial losses to far-field and are transmitted to a detector, such as a spectroscope. The coupling of the near-field energy to emission detected through the tip apex of fiber can be expressed as emission spectra. Through mapping with other spatial points, multi-dimensional displays and other information can be provided. The resolution can be less than 100 nanometers, including an order of magnitude less than 100 nanometers.

An optical temperature sensor head having an optical fibre and a sensor material, which is optically connected to a free end of the optical fibre. The free end of the optical fibre has an overmould made of a plastics material, which engages over a free end of the optical fibre and forms a protective body. A transparent window is arranged in the protective body. The window permits an optical connection with the free end of the optical fibre. Luminescence radiation from a sensor material can enter the optical fibre. The protective body has the effect that the temperature sensor head is mechanically stable and is insensitive to environmental influences. A temperature sensor device having such a temperature sensor head. An electric machine having a winding with a winding wire, which is connected to a proposed temperature sensor head.

A calibration method for a temperature measurement device, the method including: measuring dispersed spectrum information of radiation energy from a black body furnace and dark current data with a first temperature measurement device and with a second temperature measurement device that is to be swapped with the first temperature measurement device, at each of a plurality of different temperatures; generating, using information thus measured, a second temperature measurement value to be measured by a second contact thermometer included in the second temperature measurement device, and a second dispersed spectrum information corresponding to the second temperature measurement value, from a first temperature measurement value measured by a first contact thermometer included in the first temperature measurement device and a first dispersed spectrum information corresponding to the first temperature measurement value; and determining, using the information thus generated, the basis spectrum and the calibration line for the second temperature measurement device.

An optical pyrometer having a coaxial light guide delivers laser radiation through optics to heat a localized area on a sample, and simultaneously collects optical radiation from the sample to perform temperature measurement of the heated area. Inner and outer light guides can comprise the core and inner cladding, respectively, of a double-clad fiber (DCF), or can be formed using a combination of optical fibers in one or more coaxial bundles. Coaxial construction and shared optics facilitate alignment of the centers of the heated and observed areas on the sample. The heated area can be on the order of micrometers when using a single-mode optical fiber core as the inner light guide. The system can be configured to heat small samples within a vacuum system of charged-particle beam microscopes such as electron microscopes. A method for using the invention in a microscope is also provided.

A temperature measuring system is disclosed herein. The temperature measuring system includes an optical assembly and a spectral data receiver. The temperature measuring system views passing gas and measures the radiant response of a selected gas. The measurement includes radiant intensities with respect to wavelengths in the infrared region.

An optical temperature sensor head having an optical fibre and a sensor material, which is optically connected to a free end of the optical fibre. The free end of the optical fibre has an overmould made of a plastics material, which engages over a free end of the optical fibre and forms a protective body. A transparent window is arranged in the protective body. The window permits an optical connection with the free end of the optical fibre. Luminescence radiation from a sensor material can enter the optical fibre. The protective body has the effect that the temperature sensor head is mechanically stable and is insensitive to environmental influences. A temperature sensor device having such a temperature sensor head. An electric machine having a winding with a winding wire, which is connected to a proposed temperature sensor head.

The invention relates to the use of an optical waveguide for optically measuring the temperature of a high-temperature melt, the optical waveguide directing electromagnetic waves from the measuring point to an optical detector and being moved to the measuring point with the aid of a fluid through a line through which the fluid flows. The optical waveguide has a core, cladding and a coating, with the coating consisting of a protective layer and an outer protective sheath. The outer protective sheath is firmly connected to the protective layer.

The invention relates to the use of an optical waveguide for optically measuring the temperature of a high-temperature melt, the optical waveguide directing electromagnetic waves from the measuring point to an optical detector and being moved to the measuring point with the aid of a fluid through a line through which the fluid flows. The optical waveguide has a core, cladding and a coating, with the coating consisting of a protective layer and an outer protective sheath. The outer protective sheath is firmly connected to the protective layer.