An ion molecule reactor for generating analyte ions from analytes comprises: a) a reaction volume in which reagent ions can interact with the analytes in order to form analyte ions; b) at least one analyte inlet for introducing the analytes along an inlet path into the reaction volume whereby, preferably, the inlet path runs essentially along at least a first section of the predefined transit path in the reaction volume; c) at least one reagent ion source and/or at least one reagent ion inlet for providing reagent ions into the reaction volume; d) optionally, at least one ion guide comprising an electrode arrangement which is configured for producing an alternating electrical, magnetic and/or electromagnetic field, that allows for guiding the reagent ions and/or the analyte ions at least along a section of the predefined transit path, preferably along the whole transit path, through the reaction volume. There is also provided a sampler comprising one or more chambers, wherein each chamber is configured for receiving an individual sample and comprises an inlet and an outlet, such that a gaseous fluid flow can pass through each of the chambers.

Apparatuses and methods of measuring a hydrogen diffusivity of a metal structure including during operation of the metal structure, are provided. A hydrogen charging surface is provided at a first location on an external surface of the structure. In addition, a hydrogen oxidation surface is provided at a second location adjacent to the first location on the external surface of the structure. Hydrogen flux is generated and directed into the metal surface at the charging surface. At least a portion of the hydrogen flux generated by the charging surface is diverted back toward the surface. A transient of the diverted hydrogen fluxes measured, and this measurement is used to determine the hydrogen diffusivity of the metal structure in service.

An apparatus for making artificial atmospheric environment and analysis system for dust-blocking of cosmetics using the same, and the apparatus for making artificial atmospheric environment includes a chamber in which fine dust is made; a wind generation unit including a plurality of driving fans disposed inside the chamber having different angles, the wind generation unit moving supplied dust inside the chamber so that the dust is distributed as actual atmospheric environment in the same or similar manner; and a dust supply unit which is provided integrally with or separately from the chamber to supply fine dust to the chamber, and the analysis system for dust blocking of cosmetics using the apparatus for making artificial atmospheric environment.

Various embodiments of the present disclosure describe systems and methods for testing samples (e.g., biological samples, environmental samples, food samples etc.) for microbial contamination. For example, some embodiments describe an adapter assembly with a means to penetrate a septum of a collection vessel and permit gaseous communication between a headspace of the collection vessel and a sensor. In some embodiments, the gases in the headspace of the collection vessel can exit the collection vessel without contaminating the environment outside the system or allowing sample contamination. In some embodiments, the adapter assembly includes a membrane configured to prevent liquid in the collection vessel from contacting the sensor. In some embodiments, the adapter assembly can be used to access media inside the collection vessel for subculturing or aliquotting for another diagnostic process such as molecular diagnostics.

An ion molecule reactor for generating analyte ions from analytes comprises: a) a reaction volume in which reagent ions can interact with the analytes in order to form analyte ions; b) at least one analyte inlet for introducing the analytes along an inlet path into the reaction volume whereby, preferably, the inlet path runs essentially along at least a first section of the predefined transit path in the reaction volume; c) at least one reagent ion source and/or at least one reagent ion inlet for providing reagent ions into the reaction volume; d) optionally, at least one ion guide comprising an electrode arrangement which is configured for producing an alternating electrical, magnetic and/or electromagnetic field, that allows for guiding the reagent ions and/or the analyte ions at least along a section of the predefined transit path, preferably along the whole transit path, through the reaction volume.

Aspects of the disclosure include degas equipment and degassing process schemes for providing high throughput extraction of battery cell formation gas. An exemplary method can include loading a battery cell in a sampling chamber of a degas station and creating an opening in the battery cell to release formation gas. A first portion of the formation gas can be routed to a collection chamber of the degas station while the formation gas is prevented from venting. After routing the first portion of the formation gas to the collection chamber, a second portion of the formation gas can be vented until degassing is complete. The first portion of the formation gas can be diluted with a dilution fluid and the diluted first portion of the formation gas can be routed to a cell quality control gas manifold configured to measure battery cell formation gas compositions.

Disclosed herein are a refrigerator of sensing a degree of rancidity of fermented beverage to transmit state information of the fermented beverage to a remote user, and a method of controlling the refrigerator. The refrigerator may include a storage space configured to store fermented beverage, a cooling unit configured to cool inside air of the storage space; a rancidity sensor configured to sense a degree of rancidity of the fermented beverage, and a communication device configured to transmit state information of the fermented beverage created based on the degree of rancidity to a predetermined external device.

Apparatuses and methods of measuring a hydrogen diffusivity of a metal structure including during operation of the metal structure, are provided. A hydrogen charging surface is provided at a first location on an external surface of the structure. In addition, a hydrogen oxidation surface is provided at a second location adjacent to the first location on the external surface of the structure. Hydrogen flux is generated and directed into the metal surface at the charging surface. At least a portion of the hydrogen flux generated by the charging surface is diverted back toward the surface. A transient of the diverted hydrogen fluxes measured, and this measurement is used to determine the hydrogen diffusivity of the metal structure in service.

Provided, a trace gas measurement apparatus for electrical equipment that includes at least one sample cell configured to collect an oil sample from the electrical equipment. The sample cell includes (i) an oil receiving portion for receiving an oil sample, and (ii) a head space in an upper section thereof receiving ambient air therein, an oil pump for selectively pumping oil into and out of the sample cell, and a hydrogen gas sensor within an exhaust path of the sample cell. The hydrogen gas sensor receives the air exhausted from the sample cell and measures hydrogen gas present in the exhausted air.

A radon detector including a base portion, a cover portion, and a shield arrangement. The cover portion attached to the base portion houses a contained gas volume and allows diffusion of gas between a surrounding into the contained gas volume. The base portion has at least two detector location areas, enabling mechanical arranging of nuclear track detector means. The shield arrangement includes at least one shield and a shield actuator arranged for moving the shield between a closed and an open position, for each of the detector location areas. Thereby, the shield in the closed position prevents a line-of-sight between the contained gas volume and the detector location area. The shield in the open position allows a line-of-sight between the contained gas volume and the detector location area. The shield actuator is controllable from outside the contained gas volume.