Disclosed is a sensor and method for detecting one or more gasses in a sample. The sensor includes two sample tube sections, which allow for a larger sample, and correspondingly, more accurate measurement. Having two sample tube sections increases the total length of the sample path. However, placing the sample tube sections in parallel allows for the performance of the sensor to be enhanced, but the footprint of the sensor to remain unchanged. Light pipe material may be used to transport the light between sample tube sections. Further, light pipe material may be used to move the IR lamp away from the first filter tube section, reducing problems in the thermopile by dissipating heat from the IR lamp away from the sample tube section.

Pump-probe spectroscopy systems are provided. In an embodiment, such a system comprises an optical subsystem configured to generate a pulsed pump beam and a pulsed probe beam, the pulsed probe beam having a probe pulse frequency of at least 20 kHz; a detector subsystem configured to detect a sample signal induced by the pulsed pump beam and the pulsed probe beam; a chopper configured to adjust the frequency of the pump beam to /2, wherein the chopper is synchronized with a detector of the detector subsystem but is unsynchronized with the pulsed probe beam; and a data acquisition subsystem configured to initiate acquisition of image data by the detector based on a trigger signal derived from the pulsed pump beam.

The invention relates to a method for determining concentrations of absorbing gases by means of a spectroscopic measuring device, wherein wavelength-dependent measurement values for a light intensity are obtained and a wavelength-dependent measurement value function is represented based on these values. A wavelength-dependent theoretical function is defined, which includes as parameters a calibration parameter and the concentrations. The calibration parameter is defined as a function of a device parameter and a correction parameter that depends on the concentrations. A cycle comprising a sequence of steps is performed several times in a row, wherein in a first step a numerical value for the correction factor is calculated from stipulated assumed values of the concentrations, wherein in a second step the theoretical function is determined using the calculated numerical value, wherein in a third step values for the concentrations are obtained by a curve adjustment calculation between the theoretical function determined in the second step and the measurement value functions and are stipulated as new assumed values. The assumed values obtained in the third step of the last cycle are output as new measured values.

The invention relates to a measurement apparatus for measuring the concentration of a gaseous substance. The apparatus comprises a light source, a light sensor, and a housing comprising at least one first housing member having a low thermal conductivity. A light path is formed from said light source to said light sensor, wherein the light path passes through a measurement region within said housing. The light source is configured to emit light with a spectral distribution such that said light is absorbed by said gaseous substance. Said light sensor is configured to receive the light emitted by the light source after it has passed through the measurement region. The first housing member comprises a thermal shielding region facing said measurement region on its one side and said light sensor on its other side, and is configured to permit the passage of light.

Disclosed is a method for measuring the absorbance of light of a substance in a solution in a measuring cell (23; 223), said method comprising the steps of: transmitting (S1) a first light beam (27; 27) from a light source (25; 25) towards a beam splitter (29; 29); dividing (S3) the first light beam (27; 27) into a signal light ray (31; 31) and a reference light ray (33; 33) by the beam splitter (29; 29); modulating (S5) the signal light ray (31; 31); modulating the reference light ray (33; 33); providing (S9) the measuring cell (23; 23) such that the signal light ray (31; 31) passes through the measuring cell; detecting (S11) a signal in a detectoR (39; 39), which signal is the combined signal intensity of the signal light ray (31; 31) and the reference light ray (33; 33) detected by the detector (39; 39); performing synchronous detection (S15) of the detected signal in order to reconstruct the intensities of the signal light ray (31; 31) and the reference light ray (33; 33) from the combined signal detected by the detector (39; 39), said synchronous detection being based on the modulation performed to the signal light ray and the reference light ray. Disclosed also is a measuring device for carrying out said method

A method for analyzing a plurality of molecules with cryogenic vibrational spectroscopy including the steps of providing a packet of molecules in a ionized form, injecting the packet into an ion mobility section, spatially separating the ions of the packet into subpackets according to their collisional cross section (CCS), recompressing the subpackets, by removing an empty space between them, loading the ions into a cryogenic ion trap by keeping subpackets with different collisional cross section in a respective separate compartment, cooling the ions in collisions with a buffer gas, tagging the ions by attaching a messenger molecule, sending a pulse to the trap to excite vibrations of the cold, trapped, and messenger-tagged ions, and separately ejecting ion subpacket from the trap into an extraction region of a time-of-flight mass spectrometer and measuring the number of remaining messenger-tagged ions and untagged ions for each subpacket.

A pyrogenicity test assay and method of pyrogen testing that allows for rapid and ultrahigh sensitivity testing of parenteral pharmaceuticals or medical devices that contact blood or cerebrospinal fluid by employing a Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate (LAL) assay utilizing a photonic-crystal biosensor. The photonic-crystal biosensor is capable of determining the presence of endotoxins in a test sample by monitoring shifts in the resonant wavelength of an open microcavity affected by the changes in the refractive index of the analyte solutions used.

A beam ionization gauge (BIG) detector is disclosed for use in spectroscopy and configured to receive an analyte beam along a beam path. The BIG detector includes a filament configured to emit electrons and a grid. The grid is positioned substantially adjacent to the filament and configured to produce ions by directing the electrons to collide with the analyte beam along the beam path. A collector is positioned substantially adjacent to the grid to define the beam path therebetween and configured to detect the ions produced by the collisions of electrons with the analyte beam.

A measurement light source is arranged on a rear surface side of a surface at a sample position irradiated with light by an irradiation light source and a detector is arranged on a front surface side of the surface at the sample position irradiated with light by the irradiation light source. A radiation intensity calculator calculates a radiation intensity at each wavelength of irradiation light from the irradiation light source based on a first detected intensity distribution, a second detected intensity distribution, and radiation characteristics of a standard light source. An irradiated photon number calculator calculates the number of irradiated photons at each wavelength of irradiation light from the irradiation light source based on the radiation intensity at each wavelength.

Pump-probe spectroscopy systems are provided. In an embodiment, such a system comprises an optical subsystem configured to generate a pulsed pump beam and a pulsed probe beam, the pulsed probe beam having a probe pulse frequency of at least 20 kHz; a detector subsystem configured to detect a sample signal induced by the pulsed pump beam and the pulsed probe beam; a chopper configured to adjust the frequency of the pump beam to /2, wherein the chopper is synchronized with a detector of the detector subsystem but is unsynchronized with the pulsed probe beam; and a data acquisition subsystem configured to initiate acquisition of image data by the detector based on a trigger signal derived from the pulsed pump beam.