A system for measuring a target gas via laser absorption spectroscopy in an open-air configuration, comprising a mid-infrared distributed feedback interband cascade laser (mid-IR DFB-ICL) having a wavelength selected to correspond with a spectral absorption line of the target gas and first electronic circuitry to control the laser temperature, current and modulation frequency. The mid-IR DFB-ICL is mounted to a heat sink. The system includes an optical component that projects a beam of the mid-IR DFB-ICL onto a distal backscattering directionally-reflective target and an optical receiver assembly that receives a fraction of the laser light that is backscattered from the directionally-reflective target and focuses the collected light onto an uncooled photodetector having a spectral bandwidth and optical configuration selected to optimize signal-to-noise response to received laser light. The optical receiver assembly comprises a primary mirror for receiving laser light backscattered from the directionally-reflective target and focusing the collected light onto the uncooled photodetector.

A measuring arrangement for detecting trace gases in a sample gas, the measuring arrangement includes at least one narrow-band excitation light source; first and second chambers, wherein the excitation light is emitted into the chambers; a scrubber, wherein trace gases are removed from the sample gas as it passes between the first and second chambers; at least one narrow-band measurement light source arranged such that the measurement light hits the excitation light in the first chamber and second chambers; a detector unit which is in optical contact with the first and second chambers and detects the measurement light from the first and second chambers and converts it into a first and a second electrical signal; and a data processing unit which calculates the amount of trace gases in the sample gas from the first and second electrical signals. The present disclosure also discloses an alternative measuring arrangement and method.

An optical measurement apparatus 10 according to the present disclosure includes a first irradiator 11a configured to irradiate, with excitation light L1, a single first irradiation area R1 on a movement path of a moving sample, a second irradiator 11b configured to irradiate, with probe light L2, a second irradiation area R2 that is located on a movement direction side of the sample on the movement path, a detection unit 12b1, and a controller 15 configured to calculate an optical parameter at a plurality of time points, based on the detection intensity of the probe light L2 that has been transmitted through the sample at each of the plurality of time points different from each other in a transient response of the optical parameter of the sample due to excitation by the excitation light L1, and calculate a physical property parameter of the sample based on the calculated optical parameter.

A neurosurgery system for resecting tissue after administration of a contrast agent to a patient, the system including an electrosurgical instrument for manipulating tissue which generates a fluid sample from the tissue during ablation, an aspiration channel configured to obtain the fluid sample, an analyzer for analyzing the fluid sample, an indicator configured to provide an indication of the presence of a rare earth metal, and a controller configured to instruct the indicator to provide the indication of the presence of the rare earth metal. The analyzer includes a collector coupled to the aspiration channel and configured to receive a portion of the fluid sample from the aspiration channel, a heater configured to atomize the portion of the fluid sample, and a detector configured to measure an absorption of a wavelength corresponding to a rare earth metal.

The present disclosure relates to an in-line variable pathlength spectrophotometer. Currently, at-line spectrophotometers are used to measure the concentration of substances in a liquid during manufacturing of various formulations. Since manufacturing needs to be paused for at-line measurements, at-line spectrophotometers create an undesirable overhead. An in-line spectrophotometer is attached to the bioreactor and measures the concentration of substances in the liquid contained in the bioreactor in real-time, without any need to pause manufacturing. Moreover, the pathlength of the spectrophotometer, namely the distance light travels through the measured liquid, may be adjustable. Hence, measurements may be taken multiple times with varied pathlength so that accuracy of measurements may be enhanced. In one embodiment, the spectrophotometer may rotate about a central axis of the bioreactor to minimize disturbance to the homogeneity of the liquid. In another embodiment, the spectrophotometer may be attached to a port on an inner wall of the bioreactor.