A surgical visualization system is disclosed. The surgical visualization system is configured to identify one or more structure(s) and/or determine one or more distances with respect to obscuring tissue and/or the identified structure(s). The surgical visualization system can facilitate avoidance of the identified structure(s) by a surgical device. The surgical visualization system can comprise a first emitter configured to emit a plurality of tissue-penetrating light waves and a second emitter configured to emit structured light onto the surface of tissue. The surgical visualization system can also include an image sensor configured to detect reflected visible light, tissue-penetrating light, and/or structured light. The surgical visualization system can convey information to one or more clinicians regarding the position of one or more hidden identified structures and/or provide one or more proximity indicators.

Provided is a frequency domain (FD)-based multi-wavelength bio-signal analyzing apparatus including: four or more light sources configured to irradiate frequency-modulated light at four or more different discrete wavelengths; at least one light detector configured to detect an output light reflected and introduced from a subject; and a processing circuit connected to the four or more light sources and the at least one light detector and configured to calculate a scattering coefficient and an absorption coefficient at each discrete wavelength based on an output light detected by the at least one light detector and calculate a concentration of a chromophore present in the subject based on the scattering coefficient and the absorption coefficient at each discrete wavelength. Herein, the processing circuit drives at least two of the four or more light sources based on the chromophore present in the subject.

The present invention relates to an optical gas detector for detecting a gas absorbing light at a known wavelength, wherein the gas detector comprises two essentially identical, parallel membranes defining a volume between them containing the gas to be investigated, and a modulated first light source emitting light at said known wavelength into said volume at a chosen frequency, the detector is adapted to detect relative movements between said membranes and said movements having a frequency corresponding to the rate or a multiple of the rate of said pulsed light source, and wherein the said volume has at least one opening allowing the gas to unrestricted flow or diffuse into said volume.

Fertilizer application is challenged by inadequate constraints on key factors that determine how much to apply, and when to apply. Systems and methods for are disclosed that can make use of prior information (e.g. from field trials), time series data from a radiation measuring device, and episodic but spatially extensive satellite data, to constrain these uncertainties.

Methods for simultaneously determining the concentrations of transition metal compounds in solutions containing two or more transition metal compounds are described. Polymerization reactor systems providing real-time monitoring and control of the concentrations of the transition metal components of a multicomponent catalyst system are disclosed, as well as methods for operating such polymerization reactor systems, and for improving methods of preparing the multicomponent catalyst system.

According to an example aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for analysing a chemical composition of a target, the method comprising placing an electrically tunable Fabry-Perot interferometer in a path of radiation emitted by a radiation source, and detecting the radiation, which has passed the Fabry-Perot interferometer and which has passed or was reflected by the target, by means of a detector, and wherein detection is made such that multiple pass bands are allowed to be detected simultaneously.

Methods for determining the concentration of transition metal compounds in a solution containing more than one transition metal compound are described. Polymerization reactor systems providing real-time monitoring and control of the concentrations of the transition metal components of a multicomponent catalyst system are disclosed, as well as methods for operating such polymerization reactor systems and for improving methods of preparing the multicomponent catalyst system.

A measurement system and method for measuring at least one parameter in a body tissue comprise at least one measurement device to be applied to the body, an optical unit for emitting light waves, wherein at least one wavelength of the light waves lies in the region of the absorption of a body parameter, at least one light guide between the optical unit and the measurement device in order to transmit light waves, and an evaluation unit for evaluating measurement waves. Light waves emitted by the optical unit can be beamed into an optical measurement volume in the body tissue by means of the measurement device, and measurement waves received by the measurement device from the measurement volume can be transmitted from the body tissue to the evaluation unit. The evaluation unit comprises a transformation algorithm, which transforms pulsatility of a body parameter measured in the measurement volume into a parameter of the pressure in the body tissue, wherein the body parameter is measured by determining the absorption of the light waves.

Methods for simultaneously determining the concentrations of transition metal compounds in solutions containing two or more transition metal compounds are described. Polymerization reactor systems providing real-time monitoring and control of the concentrations of the transition metal components of a multicomponent catalyst system are disclosed, as well as methods for operating such polymerization reactor systems, and for improving methods of preparing the multicomponent catalyst system.

An embodiment of the present disclosure provides a spectrum inspecting apparatus. The apparatus includes a laser source; a focusing cylindrical lens configured to converge a light beam onto a sample; a light beam collecting device configured to collect a light beam signal, which is excited by the light beam, from the sample, so as to form a strip-shaped light spot; a slit configured to receive the collected light beam and couple it to downstream of a light path; a collimating device; a dispersing device configured to disperse the collected light beam so as to form a plurality of sub-beams having different wavelengths; an imaging device configured to image the sub-beams on the photon detector array respectively, wherein the light beam emitted from the laser source has a rectangular cross-section, the strip-shaped light spot impinges on the slit and its length is smaller than a length of the slit.