Disclosed herein is a method of determining a concentration of a subject based on fraction bound measurement. The method of determining a concentration of a subject based on fraction bound measurement may include fixing a ligand to a surface of an optical device, measuring a fraction bound of a subject to be detected based on an optical signal when the subject reacts to the ligand fixed to the surface of the optical device, and determining a relative value of a concentration of the subject based on a ratio of measured values of the fraction bounds of the subject and a reference signal.

Methods and systems for forming crystallized products from solutions. Such a method includes depositing an input material in a solvent mixture comprising a solvent and an anti-solvent, increasing the temperature of the solvent mixture with the input material therein to an elevated temperature for a period of time sufficient to fully dissolve the input material in the solvent mixture to form a solution of the material, and performing a series of temperature cycles on the solution to produce a crystallized product from the material in the solution. The solution is alternated between heating cycles and cooling cycles based on the turbidity of the solution, and the solution is filtered to remove and collect the crystallized product therefrom.

A system in an embodiment can comprise an optical assembly, an surface-plasmon-resonance (SPR) light source, and an SPR camera. The optical assembly can comprise a hemispherical prism comprising a top surface configured to support a SPR sensor; and a high numerical aperture (NA) lens located distal from the top surface of the hemispherical prism. The SPR light source can be configured to emit a light beam for SPR imaging. The SPR camera can be configured to capture an SPR image. The SPR sensor further can comprise a surface configured to contact a sample. The high NA lens can be configured to refract the light beam toward the hemispherical prism. The hemispherical prism can be configured to collimate the light beam, as refracted by the high NA lens, toward the SPR sensor. The high NA lens further can be configured to receive and refract the light beam toward the SPR camera, after the light beam is reflected by the surface of the SPR sensor. Other embodiments are disclosed.

An integrated spectro-microscopic system for multimodality imaging on a sample includes a reflected differential interference contrast (RDIC) microscope, a Raman spectroscope optically coupled with the RDIC microscope and a total internal reflection fluorescence/scattering (TIRF/TIRS) microscope optically coupled with the RDIC microscope such that the integrated spectro-microscopic system is capable of simultaneously acquiring both the RDIC images, the Raman spectra and TIRF/TIRS images on the same sample.

The present invention relates to a method for evaluation of an interaction between an analyte in a fluid sample and a ligand immobilized on a sensor surface of a biosensor, comprising the steps of providing (101) a plurality of fluid samples, each containing known concentrations of analyte providing (102) a plurality of needles and a plurality of sensor surfaces or detection spots, at least some of the sensor surfaces or detection spots having a known amount of ligand immobilized thereon, and each needle being configured to inject a fluid sample to a sensor surface or detection spots dividing (103) said plurality of fluid samples into at least two groups injecting (104) the fluid samples of a first of said groups to the sensor surfaces or detection spots by means of the needles to permit association of the analyte to the ligand monitoring (104) each sensor surface or detection spot and collecting binding data, and repeating (105) the steps of injecting fluid samples and monitoring detection spots and collecting binding data for each group of fluid samples, wherein the steps above are performed sequentially, without intermediate regeneration or renewal of the immobilized ligand.

The invention also relates to a biosensor system for evaluation of an interaction between an analyte in a fluid sample and a ligand immobilized on a sensor surface, to software for performing the steps of the method and to a computer readable medium for storing said software.

An optical sensor system, comprising refractory plasmonic elements that can withstand temperatures exceeding 2500° C. in chemically aggressive and harsh environments that impose stress, strain and vibrations. A plasmonic metamaterial or metasurface, engineered to have a specific spectral and angular response, exhibits optical reflection characteristics that are altered by varying physical environmental conditions including but not limited to temperature, surface chemistry or elastic stress, strain and other types of mechanical load. The metamaterial or metasurface comprises a set of ultra-thin structured layers with a total thickness of less than tens of microns that can be deployed onto surfaces of devices operating in harsh environmental conditions. The top interface of the metamaterial or metasurface is illuminated with a light source, either through free space or via an optical fiber, and the reflected signal is detected employing remote detectors.

Disclosed is a method for characterizing target compounds using an analyzing system comprising a measurement chamber intended to receive the target compounds contained in a fluid sample and in which a plurality of separate sensitive sites each comprise receivers able to interact with the target compounds. The method includes supplying a fluid sample, determining a measurement signal S.sub.k(t.sub.i) representative of the interactions between the target compounds and the receivers; computing a normed vector Sn(t.sub.i); and reiterating the determining and computing steps, while incrementing the measurement time, until a stability criterion is met, so as to obtain a characterization of the target compounds from the normed vector Sn(t.sub.i).

Surface plasmon resonance-based methods for detecting and characterizing preexisting and/or treatment-induced anti-viral vector antibodies against viral vector-based gene therapy compositions in a biological sample from a subject are described.

A method and system for in operando, in situ, and real-time monitoring the state of an electrochemical device, e.g. battery, is provided, which is by means of an optical fiber probe inside the electrochemical device. The method includes: shedding an input light into the optical fiber probe and detecting an output light transmitted therefrom; and determining state of health of the electrochemical device based on the output light. The determination step can be based on a change of the refractive index or of the cladding mode or the surface plasmon resonance, all derived from the output light, in the instant state compared to a prior state. The method can simultaneously detect other parameters including state of charge, temperature, pressure, strain, displacement, vibration, or gas release inside the electrochemical device. With a core mode for correction, the determination of these parameters can also realize a high accuracy.

Provided herein are methods of determining binding kinetics of a ligand. In some embodiments, the methods include contacting the ligand with a first surface of a substrate, which first surface comprises an electrically conductive coating and a population of virions connected to the first surface via one or more linker moieties, wherein viral envelopes of the virions display one or more proteins that bind, or are capable of binding, to the ligand, applying an alternating current electric field to the substrate to induce the virions to oscillate proximal to the first surface of the substrate, and detecting changes in oscillation amplitudes of the virions over a duration. Related virion oscillator array devices, systems and computer readable media are also provided.