An example microscope includes a pump laser for providing a first illumination to a sample. A laser array provides a second illumination to the sample. The laser array may include a plurality of laser elements, each providing oblique illuminations to the sample. An illumination collecting source collects the first illumination and the second illumination from the sample. The illumination collecting source may capture transient 3D refractive index (RI) variations in the sample due to the first illumination and second illumination.

A super-resolution microscope includes an illuminator that irradiates illumination beams of colors of different wavelengths through an objective lens onto a sample while causing the illumination beams to overlap at least spatially and a detector that detects a signal beam generated by the sample through irradiation with the illumination beams. As the illumination beams, the illuminator irradiates first and second illumination beams onto the sample from the same direction. The first illumination beam includes multiple wavelengths or monochromatic light for inducing a nonlinear optical effect in the sample. The second illumination beam has a different wavefront distribution on a converging surface of the objective lens or a different spatial distribution of an electrical field vector than the first illumination beam and suppresses induction of the nonlinear optical effect. The detector detects a signal beam generated by the sample as a result of the nonlinear optical effect.

Exemplary methods and systems for incorporating bio-sensors in drones to wirelessly detect biological molecules and hazards without exposing an operator to harmful contaminants or conditions. Bio-sensors can incorporate simultaneous dual-detection methods to ensure accuracy of measurements. Methods of operation include registering blank and safe air profiles for comparison against unknown air profiles to accurately determine the presence of bio-contaminants in unknown air.

Probe beams are scanned with respect to waveguide substrates to generate optical harmonics. Detection of the optical harmonic radiation is used to image waveguide cores, claddings, or other structures such as electrodes. The detected optical radiation can also be used to provide estimates of linear electrooptic coefficients, or ratios of linear electrooptic coefficients. In some cases, the poling of polymer waveguide structures is monitored during fabrication based on a second harmonic of the probe beam. In some examples, third harmonic generation is used for imaging of conductive layers.

An example microscope includes a pump laser for providing a first illumination to a sample. A laser array provides a second illumination to the sample. The laser array may include a plurality of laser elements, each providing oblique illuminations to the sample. An illumination collecting source collects the first illumination and the second illumination from the sample. The illumination collecting source may capture transient 3D refractive index (RI) variations in the sample due to the first illumination and second illumination.