Provided is a method of analyzing contaminants adsorbed to a surface of a substrate, the method including: a substrate treating operation of performing a process on a substrate; an operation of introducing a surface-enhanced Raman scattering layer to the substrate having the surface to which a contaminant is adsorbed substrate in the substrate treating operation; and an operation of analyzing the contaminant.

Embodiments of the present disclosure provide plasmonic structures, methods of making plasmonic structures, and the like.

A apparatus for estimating concentration may include: a spectrum obtainer configured to obtain Raman spectra of an object; and a processor configured to extract, from the Raman spectra, at least one analyte spectrum related to an analyte and at least one non-analyte spectrum related to a biological component other than the analyte, and estimate concentration of the analyte based on a first area under a curve of the at least one analyte spectrum and a second area under a curve of the at least one non-analyte spectrum.

The use of colloidal gold nanoparticles deposited on quartz paper or metamaterial substrates to enable trace level detection of biological materials such as genetic materials using Surface-enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) wherein this molecule of interest may be tested in pure solutions or human blood is disclosed.

Systems, methods, and device can be used to detect target extracellular vesicles (“EVs”). One example of a method includes obtaining a nano-plasmonic array including nanostructures configured to amplify one or more specific wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, flowing a liquid sample over the nano-plasmonic array, optionally labeling target EVs captured on the nano-plasmonic array with one or more reporter groups, projecting electromagnetic radiation onto the labeled target EVs captured on the nano-plasmonic array, and capturing an image of the target EVs by receiving electromagnetic radiation emitted, scattered, or reflected by the EVs or by reporter groups on the labeled target EVs.

A system for assembling fields from a source substrate onto a second substrate. The source substrate includes fields. The system further includes a transfer chuck that is used to pick at least four of the fields from the source substrate in parallel to be transferred to the second substrate, where the relative positions of the at least four of the fields is predetermined.

Disclosed is a method of quantifying virus titer in a sample using Raman spectroscopy. This method comprises providing a sample; providing a model for determining viral titer in the sample; irradiating the sample with a light source; and acquiring a Raman spectrum of the sample. The method further involves quantifying the viral titer of the sample by applying a virus component of the Raman spectrum to the model for determining viral titer. Other aspects of the disclosure relate to a method for generating a model suitable for quantifying viral titer in a sample.

A biological sample detection method based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy is disclosed, which relates to the technical field of biological detection. The method includes following operations: washing a substrate used for Raman spectroscopy to obtain a clean substrate; performing surface nanostructuring on the clean substrate to make the clean substrate have a surface Raman enhancement effect, and ultrasonically cleaning the nanostructured substrate with clear water to obtain a surface nanostructured substrate; and inserting the surface nanostructured substrate in a test biological sample, and taking it out after adsorbing the substance to be detected, and then detecting Raman spectrum signals on the surface.

Methods and apparatuses are disclosed whereby structured illumination microscopy (SIM) is applied to a scanning microscope, such as a confocal laser scanning microscope or sample scanning microscope, in order to improve spatial resolution. Particular aspects of the disclosure relate to the discovery of important advances in the ability to (i) increase light throughput to the sample, thereby increasing the signal/noise ratio and/or decreasing exposure time, as well as (ii) decrease the number of raw images to be processed, thereby decreasing image acquisition time. Both effects give rise to significant improvements in overall performance, to the benefit of users of scanning microscopy.

A method of modifying a liquid sample containing an analyte so as to increase SERS signal intensity of the analyte is provided. The method of the present invention comprises the steps of: providing the liquid sample to be analyzed using SERS; and adding an oxygen scavenger to the liquid sample so as to remove dissolved oxygen from the liquid sample. A probe for remote sensing of an analyte in a liquid sample using SERS is also provided. The probe of the present invention comprises a detection chamber having a window that is transparent to SERS excitation light and Raman scattered signal, and tubing with a first and a second end, the first end of the tubing being flowably connected to the detection chamber and the second end of the tubing being configured to be placed in contact with a liquid sample.