A sensor relating to one embodiment of the present invention includes a first electrode, a second electrode, an attracting portion arranged between the first electrode and the second electrode, where the attracting portion attracts conductive particles smaller than a gap between the first electrode and the second electrode to cause a change in electrical resistance between the first electrode and the second electrode, and a short circuit preventing portion for preventing a large-diameter conductive piece from causing a short circuit between the first electrode and the second electrode, where the large-diameter conductive piece has a larger dimension than the gap between the first electrode and the second electrode.

A solid-liquid contact electrification-based self-driving chemical sensor includes a container, a contact liquid, an electrode, a solid triboelectric layer, a rectifier, a load, and a displacement device. The contact liquid is placed in the container. The electrode may be actively or passively moved into the container to be immersed in or emerged from the contact liquid. The solid triboelectric layer surrounds and covers a surface of the electrode. The solid triboelectric layer includes a sensing layer which becomes a reacted sensing layer by reacting to a target analyte. The rectifier and the load are connected to the electrode. The displacement device is connected to the electrode or the container to perform a periodic reciprocating motion, so that the solid triboelectric layer is in contact with and separated from the contact liquid, thereby generating a surface charge transfer to generate an electrical output signal.

A solid-liquid contact electrification-based self-driving chemical sensor includes a container, a contact liquid, an electrode, a solid triboelectric layer, a rectifier, a load, and a displacement device. The contact liquid is placed in the container. The electrode may be actively or passively moved into the container to be immersed in or emerged from the contact liquid. The solid triboelectric layer surrounds and covers a surface of the electrode. The solid triboelectric layer includes a sensing layer which becomes a reacted sensing layer by reacting to a target analyte. The rectifier and the load are connected to the electrode. The displacement device is connected to the electrode or the container to perform a periodic reciprocating motion, so that the solid triboelectric layer is in contact with and separated from the contact liquid, thereby generating a surface charge transfer to generate an electrical output signal.

An apparatus for determining, by electrical tomography, vertical profile of an electrical property of interest of material(s) in a target volume comprises a measurement probe to be positioned at a plurality of different measurement levels in a target volume and comprising a plurality of measurement elements each having an interface surface. Each interface surface has a size, shape, and rotational position. A measurement path is formed between two interface surfaces as dependent on the sizes, shapes, and rotational positions of the two interface surfaces, and the distance between the two interface surfaces. The locations, rotational positions, shapes, and sizes of the interface surfaces are selected to provide at least two different measurement paths differing from each other in one or more of said sizes of, shapes of, rotational positions of, and distances between the associated interface surfaces.

Materials for binding per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are disclosed. A fluidic device comprising the materials for detection and quantification of PFAS in a sample is disclosed. The fluidic device may be configured for multiplexed analyses. Also disclosed are methods for sorbing and remediating PFAS in a sample. The sample may be groundwater containing, or suspected of containing, one or more PFAS.

Materials for binding per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are disclosed. A fluidic device comprising the materials for detection and quantification of PFAS in a sample is disclosed. The fluidic device may be configured for multiplexed analyses. Also disclosed are methods for sorbing and remediating PFAS in a sample. The sample may be groundwater containing, or suspected of containing, one or more PFAS.

A fluid dispensing system with a fluid cartridge having a fluid reservoir and an ejection head. The ejection head has fluid ejectors that are in fluid flow communication with the fluid reservoir. A fluid detection circuit is electrically connected to at least one of the fluid ejectors. The fluid detection circuit is configured to detect and characterize a fluid in the fluid ejector, where the fluid detection circuit characterizes the resistivity of the fluid by adjusting an ejector voltage of the at least one of the fluid ejectors.

A fluid dispensing system with a fluid cartridge having a fluid reservoir and an ejection head. The ejection head has fluid ejectors that are in fluid flow communication with the fluid reservoir. A fluid detection circuit is electrically connected to at least one of the fluid ejectors. The fluid detection circuit is configured to detect and characterize a fluid in the fluid ejector, where the fluid detection circuit characterizes the resistivity of the fluid by adjusting an ejector voltage of the at least one of the fluid ejectors.

A detection device includes a substrate, first electrodes formed on a first surface of the substrate, a responsive layer, and second electrodes formed on a first surface of the responsive layer, each of the second electrodes are capacitively coupled to one of the first electrodes and each second electrode is connected to a power supply to provide driving power.

A detection device includes a substrate, first electrodes formed on a first surface of the substrate, a responsive layer, and second electrodes formed on a first surface of the responsive layer, each of the second electrodes are capacitively coupled to one of the first electrodes and each second electrode is connected to a power supply to provide driving power.