At least some aspects of the present disclosure feature an RF hydration sensor in an assembly, comprises a substrate; an antenna disposed on the substrate; an RF circuit electrically coupled to the antenna; a thermal source electrically coupled to the RF circuit for changing a thermal condition of a target area; and a sensing element thermally coupled to the thermal source for sensing a temperature of the thermal source. The RF hydration sensor wirelessly receives a power from a remote transceiver and provides at least part of the power to the thermal source.

A thermal conductivity estimation method includes: measuring temperature distribution of a measurement sample surface in a steady state by partially heating the measurement sample under predetermined heating conditions; calculating temperature distribution of a sample model surface by performing a heat-transfer simulation on the sample model of the same shape as the measurement sample for a plurality of combinations of provisional thermal conductivities and heating conditions; making a regression model, whose input is temperature distribution of the measurement sample surface and whose output is a thermal conductivity of the measurement sample, by a machine learning technique using training data in a form of a calculation result of the plurality of combinations and the temperature distribution obtained from the plurality of combinations; and estimating the thermal conductivity of the measurement sample by inputting a measurement result of the temperature distribution of the measurement sample surface into the regression model.

A thermal conductivity estimation method includes: measuring temperature distribution of a measurement sample surface in a steady state by partially heating the measurement sample under predetermined heating conditions; calculating temperature distribution of a sample model surface by performing a heat-transfer simulation on the sample model of the same shape as the measurement sample for a plurality of combinations of provisional thermal conductivities and heating conditions; making a regression model, whose input is temperature distribution of the measurement sample surface and whose output is a thermal conductivity of the measurement sample, by a machine learning technique using training data in a form of a calculation result of the plurality of combinations and the temperature distribution obtained from the plurality of combinations; and estimating the thermal conductivity of the measurement sample by inputting a measurement result of the temperature distribution of the measurement sample surface into the regression model.

A concentration sensor for at least one given gas comprising at least one suspended structure (2) with respect to a support, said suspended structure (2) being of an electrically conductive material and said structure having a low heat response time, means for biasing said suspended element (2) and means (8) for measuring the variation of the electric voltage at the terminals of the suspended structure (2), the biasing means (6) being formed by an alternating current source the intensity of which heats the suspended structure (2) and the frequency of which gives rise to a phase shift between a signal of the biasing means and a signal measured by the measuring means, and means for determining a phase shift variation due to a gas concentration variation and means for determining the concentration variation of said gas from the phase variation.

A concentration sensor for at least one given gas comprising at least one suspended structure (2) with respect to a support, said suspended structure (2) being of an electrically conductive material and said structure having a low heat response time, means for biasing said suspended element (2) and means (8) for measuring the variation of the electric voltage at the terminals of the suspended structure (2), the biasing means (6) being formed by an alternating current source the intensity of which heats the suspended structure (2) and the frequency of which gives rise to a phase shift between a signal of the biasing means and a signal measured by the measuring means, and means for determining a phase shift variation due to a gas concentration variation and means for determining the concentration variation of said gas from the phase variation.

A gas sensor (1) including a first gas detection element (2) and a second gas detection element (3), a first storage portion (4) having a first internal space (4A), and a first opening (4B) establishing communication between the first internal space (4A) and the outside space thereof exposed to a detection subject atmosphere, a second storage portion (5) having a second internal space (5A) and a second opening (5B) establishing communication between the second internal space (5A) and the outside space, a first membrane (4C) allowing permeation of water vapor and substantially not allowing permeation of a detection target gas, and covering the first opening (4B), and a calculation unit (12) for calculating the concentration of a detection target gas contained in the detection subject atmosphere, based on outputs from the first and second gas detection elements (2, 3), respectively.

In one aspect, an example method includes (a) determining, via a thermal conductivity sensor of an automobile damage detection device, one or more thermal conductivities at one or more locations on an automobile; (b) transmitting, via a network interface of the automobile damage detection device, a request for anticipated thermal conductivity data from an automobile claims system, wherein the anticipated thermal conductivity data corresponds to anticipated thermal conductivities at the one or more locations on the automobile; (c) in response to transmitting the request, receiving, via the network interface from the automobile claims system, the anticipated thermal conductivity data; and (d) in response to receiving, from the automobile claims system, the anticipated thermal conductivity data, displaying, via a graphical user interface, a graphical representation of the determined one or more thermal conductivities and the anticipated thermal conductivity data.

A thermal conductivity detector (TCD) includes: a detection channel through which a gas to be measured flows as a fluid; a thermal conduction part that has a filament provided at a position in the detection channel where the filament comes into direct contact with the fluid flowing through the detection channel, thereby conducting heat through the fluid flowing through the detection channel; and a detection circuit for detecting an electric signal based on a change in a voltage or a current of the filament. The thermal conduction part has a plurality of filament sections that are substantially parallel to a flow direction of the fluid flowing through the detection channel.

A method for producing a gas sensor device for detecting a gaseous analyte includes providing a sensor body comprising a semiconductor substrate, in which a cavity section is shaped, and a solid electrolyte layer arranged at a surface of the substrate. The electrolyte layer is not covered by the substrate in the cavity section. The method includes producing a signal conductor layer deposited dry-chemically at a substrate side of the sensor body, such that, in the region of the electrolyte layer not covered by the substrate in the cavity section, a cutout section is shaped in the signal conductor layer, in which the signal conductor layer is removed or not deposited. The method includes applying measuring electrodes to the electrolyte layer by a wet-chemical process. One measuring electrode is arranged in the cutout section and one measuring electrode is arranged on an electrolyte layer side of the sensor body.

A method for producing a gas sensor device for detecting a gaseous analyte includes providing a sensor body comprising a semiconductor substrate, in which a cavity section is shaped, and a solid electrolyte layer arranged at a surface of the substrate. The electrolyte layer is not covered by the substrate in the cavity section. The method includes producing a signal conductor layer deposited dry-chemically at a substrate side of the sensor body, such that, in the region of the electrolyte layer not covered by the substrate in the cavity section, a cutout section is shaped in the signal conductor layer, in which the signal conductor layer is removed or not deposited. The method includes applying measuring electrodes to the electrolyte layer by a wet-chemical process. One measuring electrode is arranged in the cutout section and one measuring electrode is arranged on an electrolyte layer side of the sensor body.