The present invention relates to the field of treating iron deficiency with IV iron carbohydrate complexes such ferric carboxymaltose, monitoring or identifying subjects to determine their eligibility for being administered said IV iron carbohydrate complexes, and combining said IV iron carbohydrate complexes with additional drugs in order to mitigate or reduce side effects induced by said IV iron carbohydrate complexes.

The present invention relates to the use of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D values in ratio with PTH as a prognostic biomarker. More particularly, the present invention relates to a method for predicting or stratifying the risk of worsening renal function (WRF) in a patient at risk of renal injury or affected by renal injury. Levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH).sub.2D) are measured in a biological sample and taken together with parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels to provide a ratio indicative of the risk of worsening renal function.

The present invention relates to the use of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D values in ratio with PTH as a prognostic biomarker. More particularly, the present invention relates to a method for predicting or stratifying the risk of worsening renal function (WRF) in a patient at risk of renal injury or affected by renal injury. Levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH).sub.2D) are measured in a biological sample and taken together with parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels to provide a ratio indicative of the risk of worsening renal function.

The present disclosure is on a premise that the inventors of the present disclosure surprisingly observed that an electrode attached with graphene-polypyrrole based nano-composites can significantly improve the conductivity of the electrode, which in turn can significantly improve limit of detection (LOD) of the electrochemical device enabling quantitative detection of biological target in a sample to the tune of 0.5 fg/mL. Accordingly, an aspect of the present disclosure relates to an improved electrode for an electrochemical device, the electrochemical device capable of detecting a biological target in a sample, wherein at least part of a surface of the electrode is attached with a graphene-polypyrrole based composite, and wherein the graphene-polypyrrole based composite is attached with at least one biological targeting moiety. Aspects of the present disclosure also provide a method of the fabrication of the advantageous electrode of the present invention, an electrochemical device including the advantageous electrode and method of detection of a biological target.

The present disclosure is on a premise that the inventors of the present disclosure surprisingly observed that an electrode attached with graphene-polypyrrole based nano-composites can significantly improve the conductivity of the electrode, which in turn can significantly improve limit of detection (LOD) of the electrochemical device enabling quantitative detection of biological target in a sample to the tune of 0.5 fg/mL. Accordingly, an aspect of the present disclosure relates to an improved electrode for an electrochemical device, the electrochemical device capable of detecting a biological target in a sample, wherein at least part of a surface of the electrode is attached with a graphene-polypyrrole based composite, and wherein the graphene-polypyrrole based composite is attached with at least one biological targeting moiety. Aspects of the present disclosure also provide a method of the fabrication of the advantageous electrode of the present invention, an electrochemical device including the advantageous electrode and method of detection of a biological target.

The present application relates to methods of treating HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) and/or focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) using endothelin-1 (ET-1) antagonists. The application further relates to a composition for the treatment of HIVAN and/or FSGS. A kit for detecting the presence of ET-1 or ET-1-associated biomarker in a biological sample is also disclosed.

The present application relates to methods of treating HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) and/or focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) using endothelin-1 (ET-1) antagonists. The application further relates to a composition for the treatment of HIVAN and/or FSGS. A kit for detecting the presence of ET-1 or ET-1-associated biomarker in a biological sample is also disclosed.

The present invention relates to the use of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D values in ratio with PTH as a prognostic biomarker. More particularly, the present invention relates to a method for predicting or stratifying the risk of worsening renal function (WRF) in a patient at risk of renal injury or affected by renal injury. Levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH).sub.2D) are measured in a biological sample and taken together with parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels to provide a ratio indicative of the risk of worsening renal function.

The present invention relates to the use of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D values in ratio with PTH as a prognostic biomarker. More particularly, the present invention relates to a method for predicting or stratifying the risk of worsening renal function (WRF) in a patient at risk of renal injury or affected by renal injury. Levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH).sub.2D) are measured in a biological sample and taken together with parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels to provide a ratio indicative of the risk of worsening renal function.

Embodiments of the invention generally fall into the category of activated thymulin synthesis and applications thereof. Embodiments, delivered orally or parenterally, are used to treat malignancies and immune system dysfunctions by activating cytotoxic T cells, increasing the generation of T helper 1 cells and/or boosting the production of interleukin 2.