The present application relates to a erythrocyte-derived magnetic immune particle and uses thereof, according to an aspect, the erythrocyte-derived magnetic immune particle include an erythrocyte-derived cell membrane, which may minimize in vivo side effect, and may be used to detect and remove various type of substances (for example, a pathogenic substance, an inflammatory cytokine, blood glucose, a cancer-related substance, and a brain disease-related substance, etc.) from a sample with excellent efficiency, which may be useful for diagnosing, preventing, or treating various type of diseases, including an infectious disease, an inflammatory disease, diabetes, cancer, and brain disease.

The invention provides a method of defining the likelihood of a subject having bladder cancer, comprising the steps of: (A) assessing the subject's likelihood of having bladder cancer by: i. identifying at least one sub-population group appropriate to the subject; ii. determining the level of one or more biomarkers selected according to the sub-population group in a sample obtained from the subject; iii. inputting each of the biomarker values into an algorithm to produce an output value; and iv. correlating the output value with the likelihood of the subject having bladder cancer, wherein the sub-population group is selected according to smoking habits, gender, presence/absence of stone disease, history of benign prostate enlargement (BPE) or prescription of anti-hypertensive, anti-platelet and/or anti-ulcer medication, and (B) determining the subject's stratified risk level of serious disease by: v. determining the level of one or more biomarkers specific for one or more risk classifiers defined using Random Forest Classifiers (RFC), logistic regression or another appropriate systems biology or statistical approach in a sample obtained from the subject, vi. inputting each of the biomarker values into an algorithm or algorithms to produce an output value; and vii. correlating the output value with a stratified risk level of underlying serious disease, wherein the likelihood of having bladder cancer is combined with the stratified risk level of having serious disease, wherein the risk of having bladder cancer and/or serious disease is categorized as: high-risk bladder cancer requiring immediate cystoscopy; low-risk bladder cancer requiring urgent cystoscopy; high-risk control requiring close evaluation and further investigation; or low-risk control requiring primary care monitoring.

This document provided methods and materials involved in treating medical conditions. For example, methods and materials for using anti-Interleukin 4, anti-Interleukin 5, and/or anti-Interleukin 13 antibodies to treat asthma in a mammal identified as having a Th2 immune response using a whole blood cell-based cytokine whole blood cell-based cytokine assay are provided.

De novo designed polypeptides that bind to IL-2 receptor .sub.c heterodimer (IL-2R.sub.c), IL-4 receptor .sub.c heterodimer (IL-4R.sub.c), or IL-13 receptor subunit (IL-13R) are disclosed, as are methods for using and designing the polypeptides.

Methods and kits for characterizing liver damage in an individual are provided. The methods employ the use of immune analytes as biomarkers for detecting liver damage and predicting the likelihood that an individual suffering from liver damage will experience life-threatening liver failure. Concentration values for serum albumin and other identified immune analytes are obtained or determined from a blood sample taken from the individual. The obtained concentration values are then compared to corresponding concentrations from individuals having a healthy liver. By comparing the concentrations, an individual's likelihood of developing life-threatening liver failure and needing a liver transplant within a given time period (e.g., 6 months) can be identified.

The present invention relates to the diagnosis, monitoring, and/or treatment of medical conditions and/or a predisposition thereto. The condition preferably is dry eye disease. Described herein are methods, kits, and devices for diagnosing and monitoring dry eye disease in a subject.

The present disclosure relates to a method for detecting T helper cell or CTL subpopulations in a subject affected by disease or disorder having an immune component. The methods are also useful for determining efficacy of a treatment of the disease or disorder by detecting skewing of the T helper cells and CTLs in a therapeutic or adverse direction.

The present invention relates to the field of inflammatory bowel disease. More specifically, the present invention relates to the use of cytokines to detect, diagnose, and assess inflammatory bowel disease. In one embodiment, a method for diagnosing Crohn's Disease (CD) in a patient comprises the steps of (a) collecting a sample from the patient; (b) measuring the levels of at least one cytokine in the sample collected from the patient; and (c) comparing the levels of the at least one cytokine with predefined cytokine levels, wherein a correlation between the cytokine levels in the patient sample and predefined cytokine levels indicates that the patient has CD. In a specific embodiment, the at least one cytokine comprises Interferon (IFN)-gamma, Interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, IL-17 and CXCL10.

Disclosed herein are methods of identifying biomarkers (such as genes (e.g., RNA or mRNA), proteins, and/or small molecules) that can be used to predict organ or tissue function or dysfunction. In some embodiments, the methods include ex vivo perfusion of the organ or tissue, collection of samples from the organ or tissue (for example, perfusate, fluids produced by the organ (such as bile or urine), or tissue biopsies) and measuring the level of one or more biomarkers in the sample. It is also disclosed herein that an analysis of biomarkers (such as genes (e.g., RNA or mRNA), proteins, and/or small molecules) present in a biological sample from an organ, tissue, or subject can be used to identify whether the organ, tissue, or subject is at risk for (or has) organ dysfunction or organ failure.

Disclosed herein are methods for determining a concentration of at least one low concentration protein and at least one high concentration protein in a biological sample.