There is provided agents for modulation of a chronic inflammatory response wherein the agent modulates the biological activity of tenascin-C. There is also provided methods of identifying agents modulating tenascin-C and chronic inflammation. There are also provided uses of such agents.

The invention relates to methods of treating chronic intestinal inflammation and/or inflammatory bowel disease by administering an antagonist of oncostatin-M (OSM) and/or OSM receptor- (OSMR). The invention also relates to methods for diagnosing or prognosing chronic intestinal inflammation and/or inflammatory bowel disease in an individual and for predicting whether or not an individual will respond to an anti-TNF therapy. The methods comprise measuring OSM and/or OSMR in the individual.

The present invention relates to astrocyte-derived exosomal complement protein biomarkers and diagnostic and prognostic methods for neurological disease (e.g., Alzheimer's disease). The invention also provides compositions for detecting astrocyte-derived exosomal complement protein biomarkers as well as compositions and methods useful for treating neurological disease (e.g., Alzheimer's disease).

The invention provides compositions, formulations, and methods for treatment of malignancies via activation of an inflammatory response in the subject. Such compositions, formulations, and methods for are preferably used in conjunction with other therapies for the treatment and/or management of malignancies, e.g., chemotherapy and/or radiation. The invention also provides methods of monitoring immune activation in subjects with malignancies.

Methods of assessing, monitoring and/or predicting clinical disease activity, treatment response, disease progression, and/or active repair for chronic inflammatory disease such as axial spondyloarthritis are provided based on the level and/or pattern of LCN2, LCN2-MMP9 and/or OSM.

Described herein are anti-inflammatory fractions and compounds, medicaments, methods and uses thereof. The fraction may be obtained from honey. The fraction shows a generalised anti-inflammatory response. Also described are method f producing the fraction as well as a method of testing the anti-inflammatory potential of a honey by completing the fractionation and a cell test.

Provided herein are methods for assessing risk of infection or cardiovascular disease (CVD) in a subject with an inflammatory disease, e.g., rheumatoid arthritis. The methods include performing immunoassays to generate scores based on quantitative data for expression of biomarkers relating to inflammatory biomarkers with or without additional clinical variables to assess infection and CVD risk. Also provided are uses of inflammatory biomarkers for guiding treatment decisions.

Disclosed herein are methods of identifying biomarkers (such as genes (e.g., RNA or mRNA), proteins, and/or small molecules) that can be used to predict organ or tissue function or dysfunction. In some embodiments, the methods include ex vivo perfusion of the organ or tissue, collection of samples from the organ or tissue (for example, perfusate, fluids produced by the organ (such as bile or urine), or tissue biopsies) and measuring the level of one or more biomarkers in the sample. It is also disclosed herein that an analysis of biomarkers (such as genes (e.g., RNA or mRNA), proteins, and/or small molecules) present in a biological sample from an organ, tissue, or subject can be used to identify whether the organ, tissue, or subject is at risk for (or has) organ dysfunction or organ failure.

The present description relates to a method for identifying a patient who is eligible for an intensification of heart failure therapy. Furthermore, the description relates to a method for pikej3optimizing B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and/or N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP)-type peptide guided heart failure therapy. The methods are based on the measurement of the level of at least one marker in a sample from a patient who has heart failure and who receives B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and/or N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP)-type peptide guided heart failure therapy. Further described are kits and devices adapted to carry out the described method.

The present invention provides a method of aiding the differential diagnosis of haemorrhagic stroke, ischemic stroke and a transient ischemic attack in a patient who has suffered or is suffering a stroke. The method comprises: (i) determining the concentration of the biomarkers VCAM-1, GFAP and CRP in an ex vivo sample obtained from the patient; and (ii) establishing the statistical significance of the concentration of the biomarkers. Optionally, the method further comprises steps of (iii) determining the concentration of the biomarkers IL-6 and sTNFR1 in an ex vivo sample obtained from the patient; (iv) determining the gender of the patient; and (v) establishing the statistical significance of the concentration of the five biomarkers, in conjunction with the patient's gender. The present invention also provides substrates comprising probes for VCAM-1, GFAP and CRP for use in a method for aiding the differential diagnosis of stroke.