The present invention relates to biomarkers and diagnostic and prognostic methods for vascular diseases. In particular, proteins of platelet-derived exosomes have been identified as biomarkers that can be used to detect platelet activation associated with pathogenesis of vascular diseases, including cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The invention also provides compositions for detecting biomarkers as well as compositions and methods useful for treating vascular diseases.

Methods and systems for identifying and treating patients with cancers that can bind E-selectin are disclosed. E-selectin-binding cancers are identified by their cell surface expression sialyl Le.sup.3 and sialyl Le.sup.3 carbohydrate epitopes, and such cancers can be identified by antibodies that bind to sialyl Le.sup.a/x, such as HECA-452. Such cancers can be treated with antagonists of E-selectin such as glycomimetic compounds and with immunotherapies targeting the cell surface carbohydrates containing the sialyl Le.sup.a/x domains to block and/or disrupt the binding of E-selectin.

The present invention provides a method of detecting platelet activation in a patient, the method comprising the steps of a) obtaining a blood sample from a patient suspected of having heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT); b) incubating an effective amount of platelet factor 4 (PF4) with a sample of platelets to yield a sample of PF4-treated platelets; c) contacting the patient blood sample with the PF4-treated platelets; and d) measuring the extent of platelet activation, wherein an increase in platelet activation compared with results obtained using a normal blood sample is indicative of the patient having HIT.

The present invention relates to a method for predicting a patient's benefit from therapy with an immune checkpoint inhibitor, a method for predicting a cancer patient's probability of survival, and a method for determining in a sample the value of an expression level of a platelet surface protein.

Disclosed herein are panels related to the diagnosis or recognition of colon and colorectal cancer in a subject. The disclosed panels and related methods are used to predict or assess colon tumor status in a patient. They can be used to determine nature of tumor, recurrence, or patient response to treatments. Some embodiments of the methods include generating a report for clinical management.

The present invention provides biomarker-based methods for diagnosing stroke in a patient suspected of having suffered a stroke, and also for discriminating between ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack. Substrates comprising probes for specific combinations of biomarkers useful in the methods of the invention are also described.

Disclosed herein are panels related to the diagnosis or recognition of colon and colorectal cancer in a subject. The disclosed panels and related methods are used to predict or assess colon tumor status in a patient. They can be used to determine nature of tumor, recurrence, or patient response to treatments. Some embodiments of the methods include generating a report for clinical management.

Methods are provided for the detection of P-selectin associated with eosinophils and for the use of P-selectin as a biological marker for asthma. In one embodiment, the present invention relates to methods for detecting P-selectin in a sample containing eosinophils and quantifying the total number of eosinophils. In another embodiment, the present invention relates a method for determining the proportion of eosinophils that are P-selectin positive and positive for at least partially activated -1 integrin. In yet another embodiment, the present invention relates to kits for the detection of P-selectin and for the detection of eosinophils that are both P-selectin positive and positive for at least partially activated -1 integrin. In still yet another embodiment, the invention relates to a method for monitoring a biological condition.

Certain aspects of the disclosure provide systems and methods for diagnosing and treating chronic liver disease and portal vein thrombosis. In particular, methods may include measuring levels of one or more proteins, including factor V, factor VIII, protein C, protein S, D-dimer, sP-selectin, or asTF in a biological sample from a subject and determining a CLD score based on the levels of the one or more proteins, whereby, a CLD stage may be determined based on the CLD score. In some aspects, methods may include determining a PVT score based on levels of the one or more proteins in the biological sample. In some aspects, methods further include treating CLD and/or PVT.

The present invention relates to a method for identifying CD4.sup.+ Treg cells suitable for use as starting material in cellular immunotherapy, the method comprising i) analysing samples from target tissue A to identify CD4.sup.+ Treg cells with migratory in character between the diseased tissue, collecting lymphatics, peripheral blood, distinct tissue adjacent to the diseased target tissue A and/or distinct tissue that is not vicinal though has migratory Treg communication with target tissue A, v) analysing samples from peripheral blood, tissue C, to identify CD4.sup.+ Treg cells with migratory character and/or functional character where the Treg cells are also emigrant from target tissue A, vi) analysing sample(s) from tissue compartments A and/or B and C, that are analytically or physically depleted of emigrants from thymus and/or immigrants from peripheral blood to a lymph node, to restrict analyses to CD4.sup.+ Treg cells of target tissue A origin and/or tropism, to identify emigrant CD4.sup.+ Treg cell populations of target tissue A, to identify emigrant CD4.sup.+ Treg cell populations with propensity to immigrate to target tissue A, to identify a migratory and/or functional defect in the CD4.sup.+ Treg cell population identified as expressing migratory and/or functional elements specific for target tissue A in any of tissue A, B or C, and whereby a combination of surface or intracellular markers on CD4.sup.+ Treg cells is identified, which combination identifies which surface or intracellular markers should be present and which surface markers should not be present in CD4.sup.+ Treg cell populations suitable for use as starting material in cellular immunotherapy.