A container is disclosed which may be used with fluids sensitive to light of one or more known wavelengths. The container may be formed of a thermochromic material or including a thermochromic coating. The properties of the thermochromic material or coating may be selected so as to be transparent to light of the wavelength to which the fluid is sensitive at a first temperature and to be opaque to that wavelength of light at a second temperature. While a technician is handling the container, the container is controlled to be at the first temperature. When the technician is finished, the container is controlled to move to the second temperature to protect the fluid within the container.

A system for predicting a triggered lightning strike upon an aircraft, which includes an antenna for collecting an RF signal. The system includes one or more processors and a memory coupled to the processor, the memory storing data into a database and program code that, when executed by the one or more processors, causes the system to receive as input a filtered, amplified form of the RF signal collected by the antenna and a non-filtered, amplified form of the RF signal collected by the antenna. The system determines a difference between the filtered, amplified form of the RF signal and the non-filtered and amplified form of the RF signal. The difference is a static signal. The system determines the triggered lightning strike upon the aircraft based on the static signal.

The present invention discloses a method for lightning stroke identification and location on optical fiber composite overhead ground wire. In the method, according to the property that the lightning stroke will cause a sudden temperature rise at the lightning stroke position on the optical fiber composite overhead ground wire, optical fiber resources in the optical fiber composite overhead ground wire and the high-sensitivity detection and high-precision event locating capability of a distributed optical fiber temperature sensor can be fully utilized. The distributed optical fiber temperature sensor is connected to a spare optical fiber in the optical fiber composite overhead ground wire, and the corresponding relation between the geographical position of the optical fiber composite overhead ground wire and the distributed temperature curve is established, and then the temperature data at the same position in the temperature curve at different moments are respectively compared to extract a sudden temperature change area. In addition, the temperature change of several positions adjacent to the sudden temperature change area in the temperature curve are compared to exclude interference factors in temperature measurement, so as to determine that the sudden temperature change is caused by instant heating from an external factor, namely the lightning stroke, and finally, the lightning stroke is identified and located in combination with the change of counting data of a lightning arrester.

A method for lightning warning with a large number of wind energy installations, in particular with a part of a wind farm, wherein the wind energy installations are each located at one location, and each of the large number of wind energy installations comprises a sensor arrangement for registering an environmental parameter, comprising at least an anemometer, a temperature sensor and/or a humidity sensor, wherein the sensor arrangement comprises a further sensor, in particular an electric field meter for registering electric fields, and the method comprises the following steps, namely a registration of at least one value for the environmental parameter, comprising at least an electric field, with the aid of the sensors of the sensor arrangement with the large number of wind energy installations; and an evaluation of the at least one value for the environmental parameter for the prediction of the lightning warning for the locations of the large number of wind energy installations. A wind energy installation and/or a wind farm with a large number of wind energy installations and/or a network of wind energy installations and/or a network of wind farms for lightning warning, and the use of this to form a system for weather prediction, in particular for thunderstorm and/or lightning warning.

According to one implementation, an aviation system 100 includes electric field sensors 112 and a ground system 114 including a computer configured to communicate with each of the electric field sensors 112. The computer is configured to: acquire electric field intensities from the electric field sensors 112 respectively, and generate a first electric field distribution on a ground surface 16 based on the electric field intensities; derive a matrix; derive a pseudo inverse matrix of the matrix; derive an electric charge distribution on the horizontal plane by multiplying the pseudo inverse matrix by the first electric field distribution on the ground surface 16; and derive a second electric field distribution on a flight path based on the electric charge distribution. The first electric field distribution on the ground surface 16 is derived by multiplying the matrix by electric charges temporarily set on a horizontal plane at a predetermined altitude.

An electromagnetic field analysis method for an anisotropic conductive material involves using an analysis grid having a first side and a second side that are orthogonal to each other to analyze an electromagnetic property of an anisotropic conductive material in which conductivity in a first direction is different from conductivity in a second direction. One or both of the first direction and the second direction are parallel to a direction different from either one of the first side and the second side of the analysis grid. One electromagnetic field component located on the first side and extending along the second side is calculated based on electromagnetic field components that are located on a plurality of the second sides surrounding the one electromagnetic field component and that extend along the second sides.

A method to generate data to geolocate lightning pulses may include detecting in an environment EMF generated from the lightning pulses. The method may include producing lightning-EMF from the detected EMF where the lightning-EMF may represent the EMF generated from the lightning pulses. The method may include extracting a lightning-waveform-feature set from the lightning-EMF data, including extracting one or more waveform features for each of the lightning pulses from the lightning-EMF data. The method may also include transmitting the extracted lightning-waveform-feature set to a server to perform time alignment on multiple extracted lightning-waveform-feature sets received from multiple lightning-detection sensors and to geolocate the lightning pulses based on the time-aligned extracted lightning-waveform-feature sets.

This surface potential sensor is provided with an electret electrode (28), which is configured of a metal film (26) and an electret film (27), said electret electrode being provided on an upper surface of a diaphragm (25) of a semiconductor substrate. Four piezoresistors (29a, 29b, 29c, 29d) are formed on the diaphragm (25), and a distortion quantity detecting unit (32) is configured by forming a bridge circuit using the piezoresistors. Since an electrostatic force that operates between an object and the electret electrode (28) changes corresponding to potential of the object, and the electret electrode (28) warps corresponding to the change, the potential of the object can be detected by measuring a distortion quantity of the electret electrode (28) by means of the distortion quantity detecting unit (32). Consequently, not only the potential of the object but also a polarity thereof can be detected with reduced size and high sensitivity.

An ion measuring device to measure ionic activity in its vicinity is disclosed. The ion measuring device includes a housing to protect its internal components, such as an ion sensing assembly from damage due to exposure to environment. The housing allows the ion sensing assembly to conduct readings of the atmosphere while keeping debris and other elements that may skew the readings away from the ion sensing assembly. The ion measuring device include means to covert readings at the ion sensing assembly into digital data. The ion measuring device further includes electronic means that collects and records data gathered by the ion sensing assembly, and further be able to transmit the data to a remote base station for further processing and analysis.

The invention relates to a method for sensing lightning-current parameters at installations comprising a plurality of capturing devices and lightning-current diversion paths, in particular for exposed and/or tall buildings, including wind turbines, by using a plurality of sensors on the lightning-current diversion paths to identify a lightning-current event, and comprising subsequent evaluation of the lightning-current event and the effect of the lightning-current event on the particular installation. According to the invention, a lightning-current detection sensor is formed on each of the capturing devices or each lightning-current diversion path, which lightning-current detection sensor provides a yes/no statement concerning a lightning-current event with respect to the particular capturing device or the particular lightning-current diversion path. Furthermore, at least one lightning-current measurement sensor is provided at a central point of the merging of the lightning-current diversion paths toward the ground, which at least one lightning-current measurement sensor detects both surge currents having a duration of less than 5 ms and long-term currents having a duration of more than 5 ms, wherein furthermore the magnitude of the charge of the particular long-term current that has occurred is determined and is used to determine possible effects on the installation.