Processing circuitry functionally includes: an internal resistance calculation unit; a reference value obtaining unit configured to obtain a reference value for internal resistance; a correction coefficient calculation unit configured to calculate a correction coefficient indicating how great difference between the internal resistance and the reference value is: a correction value calculation unit configured to calculate a correction value by correcting the reference value using the correction coefficient; and an estimation unit configured to calculate estimated internal resistance, based on the correction value and present voltage. The processing circuitry is configured to control charge and/or discharge of the battery, based on the internal resistance or the estimated internal resistance. The correction value calculation unit is configured to calculate the correction value by correcting the reference value using the correction coefficient calculated in the past when the internal resistance calculation unit is unable to calculate the internal resistance.

Processing circuitry functionally includes: an internal resistance calculation unit; a reference value obtaining unit configured to obtain a reference value for internal resistance; a correction coefficient calculation unit configured to calculate a correction coefficient indicating how great difference between the internal resistance and the reference value is: a correction value calculation unit configured to calculate a correction value by correcting the reference value using the correction coefficient; and an estimation unit configured to calculate estimated internal resistance, based on the correction value and present voltage. The processing circuitry is configured to control charge and/or discharge of the battery, based on the internal resistance or the estimated internal resistance. The correction value calculation unit is configured to calculate the correction value by correcting the reference value using the correction coefficient calculated in the past when the internal resistance calculation unit is unable to calculate the internal resistance.

A battery pack according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may include a plurality of battery cells and a BMS for controlling the battery pack. The BMS may include a state-of-charge (SOC) calculation module for calculating a SOC of each of the plurality of battery cells included in the battery pack and a faulty battery cell detection unit for detecting at least one faulty battery cell on the basis of the calculated SOC of each of the plurality of battery cells.

A battery pack according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may include a plurality of battery cells and a BMS for controlling the battery pack. The BMS may include a state-of-charge (SOC) calculation module for calculating a SOC of each of the plurality of battery cells included in the battery pack and a faulty battery cell detection unit for detecting at least one faulty battery cell on the basis of the calculated SOC of each of the plurality of battery cells.

A method for determining the capacity of at least one lithium-ion cell, in particular of at least one high-voltage battery, during open circuit voltage aging, uses at least one distinct point in a voltage curve and/or in at least one open circuit voltage of the Li-ion cell.

A method for determining the capacity of at least one lithium-ion cell, in particular of at least one high-voltage battery, during open circuit voltage aging, uses at least one distinct point in a voltage curve and/or in at least one open circuit voltage of the Li-ion cell.

A method for estimating a capacity of a battery unit in an energy storage system of a vehicle is provided. The method includes during at least a first no-load condition of the battery unit, measuring a terminal voltage of the battery unit at a number of points in time to determine a transient voltage response of the battery unit, from the transient voltage response of the battery unit during at least the first no-load condition, estimating at least a first value of an open circuit voltage of the battery unit by means of a battery model, and estimating the capacity of the battery unit based on at least the estimated at least first value of the open circuit voltage.

A method for estimating a capacity of a battery unit in an energy storage system of a vehicle is provided. The method includes during at least a first no-load condition of the battery unit, measuring a terminal voltage of the battery unit at a number of points in time to determine a transient voltage response of the battery unit, from the transient voltage response of the battery unit during at least the first no-load condition, estimating at least a first value of an open circuit voltage of the battery unit by means of a battery model, and estimating the capacity of the battery unit based on at least the estimated at least first value of the open circuit voltage.

A method for determining a full-charge capacity of a battery pack includes: obtaining first state of charge values of cells at a first state of charge correction moment; calculating a net cumulative charge capacity from the first state of charge correction moment to a full-charge moment; obtaining a voltage-capacity curve of a fully charged cell from start of a charge termination phase to the full-charge moment; obtaining a second voltage of a not fully charged cell at the full-charge moment; obtaining a capacity difference between the not fully charged cell at the full-charge moment and the not fully charged cell at the first full-charge voltage; calculating a state of charge difference; calculating a second state of charge value of the not fully charged cell at the full-charge moment; obtaining state of charge variations; calculating full-charge capacities; and obtaining a full-charge capacity based on the calculated full-charge capacities.

A method for determining a full-charge capacity of a battery pack includes: obtaining first state of charge values of cells at a first state of charge correction moment; calculating a net cumulative charge capacity from the first state of charge correction moment to a full-charge moment; obtaining a voltage-capacity curve of a fully charged cell from start of a charge termination phase to the full-charge moment; obtaining a second voltage of a not fully charged cell at the full-charge moment; obtaining a capacity difference between the not fully charged cell at the full-charge moment and the not fully charged cell at the first full-charge voltage; calculating a state of charge difference; calculating a second state of charge value of the not fully charged cell at the full-charge moment; obtaining state of charge variations; calculating full-charge capacities; and obtaining a full-charge capacity based on the calculated full-charge capacities.