An ultra-thin radiation detector includes a radiation detector gas chamber having at least one ultra-thin chamber window and an ultra-thin first substrate contained within the gas chamber. The detector further includes a second substrate generally parallel to and coupled to the first substrate and defining a gas gap between the first substrate and the second substrate. The detector further includes a discharge gas between the substrates and contained within the gas chamber, where the discharge gas is free to circulate within the gas chamber and between the first and second substrates at a given gas pressure. The detector further includes a first electrode coupled to one of the substrates and a second electrode electrically coupled to the first electrode. The detector further includes a first discharge event detector coupled to at least one of the electrodes for detecting a gas discharge counting event in the electrode.

A radiation detection element includes a base material, a first electrode, a second electrode, a third electrode, a fourth electrode, a fifth electrode, a first external terminal, a second external terminal, a third external terminal, and a fourth external terminal. Each of the first external terminal, the second external terminal, the third external terminal, and the fourth external terminal is a solder ball, and the first external terminal, the second external terminal, the third external terminal, and the fourth external terminal are insulated from each other. A region provided on the first electrode, the second electrode, the third electrode, the fourth electrode, and the fifth electrode overlaps at least one of the first external terminal, the second external terminal, the third external terminal, and the fourth external terminal in a view vertical to the first surface side of the base material.

A hybrid mesh for a micromegas particle detector is proposed. The mesh consists of metal wires strung in one direction and non-conductive wires strung in a second direction. Avoiding electrical contact between the metal wires solves the problem of high energy sparking which is the main complication of the micromegas detectors. The insulation between the metal wires also improves the reconstruction accuracy for the track coordinate readout.

A converter unit configured to convert incident photons into electrons comprises multiple blind holes forming respective ionization chambers. The converter unit is preferably arranged in a detector, such as X-ray detector or absolute radiation dose measurement detector, additionally comprising an electron amplification device and/or a readout device.

A radiation detector using gas amplification, includes: an insulator having a first surface and a second surface positioned at a back surface side of the first surface; a first electrode layer that is provided on the first surface of the insulator and has a circular opening portion; a pixel electrode positioned inside the opening portion; a second electrode layer provided on the second surface of the insulator; and a via hole conductor that has one end surface thereof bonded to the second electrode layer through the interior of the insulator and has the other end surface thereof bonded to the pixel electrode, in which at least a part of the other end surface side of the via hole conductor exhibits a column or truncated cone shape and an outer diameter of the via hole conductor becomes smallest at the one end surface.

A lanthanum fluoride single crystal wherein an alkaline earth metal is added to the lanthanum fluoride single crystal, and internal transmittance of light at 9.3 m in wavelength is no less than 85%/mm. The lanthanum fluoride single crystal and an optical component which have high transparency in an infrared region, and can be preferably used for phase plates for lasers, lenses and optical window materials for laser beam machines, gas detectors, flame detectors, infrared cameras, and so on, etc. are provided.

The invention relates to a detecting unit for detecting ionizing radiation. The device comprises a converter unit for the amplification of ionizing radiation and a read-out unit, wherein the converter unit comprises a converter and a gas-electron multiplier, wherein said converter comprises a substrate with an ionizing radiation-receiving major surface and an electron-emitting major surface and a stack of accelerator plates in contact with the electron-emitting major side, wherein said stack comprises a plurality of perforated accelerator plates wherein the perforations of the perforated accelerator plates are aligned to form a matrix of blind holes.

A position-sensitive ionizing-particle radiation counting detector includes a first substrate and a second substrate generally parallel to the first substrate and forming a gap with the first substrate, with a discharge gas contained within the gap. The detector includes a first electrode electrically coupled to the second substrate, and a second electrode electrically coupled to the first electrode and defining at least one pixel with the first electrode. The detector further includes an open dielectric structure pattern layered over one of the first or second electrodes and a current-limiting quench resistor coupled in series to one of the first or second electrodes. The detector further includes a power supply coupled to one of the first or second electrodes and a first discharge event detector circuitry coupled to the one of the first or second electrodes for detecting a gas discharge counting event in the electrode.

A hadron radiation installation adapted to subject a target to irradiation by a hadron radiation beam includes a target support configured to support, preferably immobilize, a target; a hadron radiation apparatus adapted to emit a hadron radiation beam along a beam axis to irradiate the target supported by the target support, the radiation beam penetrating into the target. The radiation apparatus has a control system at least comprising a beam penetration depth control allowing at least to control and vary the penetration depth of the radiation beam into the target. The installation has a radiation beam range sensor device adapted to determine the penetration depth of said radiation beam into the target, where the range sensor device includes a gamma camera responsive to prompt gamma rays that are emitted while the hadron radiation beam penetrates into the target.

A hadron radiation installation adapted to subject a target to irradiation by a hadron radiation beam includes a target support configured to support, preferably immobilize, a target; a hadron radiation apparatus adapted to emit a hadron radiation beam along a beam axis to irradiate the target supported by the target support, the radiation beam penetrating into the target. The radiation apparatus has a control system at least comprising a beam penetration depth control allowing at least to control and vary the penetration depth of the radiation beam into the target. The installation has a radiation beam range sensor device adapted to determine the penetration depth of said radiation beam into the target, where the range sensor device includes a gamma camera responsive to prompt gamma rays that are emitted while the hadron radiation beam penetrates into the target.