A method for maximizing a repeatability between a base seismic survey and a monitor seismic survey of a same surveyed subsurface during a 4-dimensional (4D) project. The method includes receiving first seismic data associated with the base seismic survey; receiving second seismic data associated with the monitor seismic survey, wherein the monitor seismic survey is performed later in time than the base seismic survey; estimating subsurface reflection-points and incidence angles; determining 4D-binning based on the estimated subsurface reflection-points and incidence angles; and maximizing the repeatability between the first seismic data and the second seismic data by using the 4D-binning.

Global inversion of multi-vintage seismic data uses simulated annealing to minimize a cost function simultaneously for all vintages and all angle stacks to yield values of geophysical properties. Each vintage is generated from an independent seismic survey of a subsurface structure conducted over a distinct period of time and includes seismic traces and angle stacks. An initial model of the subsurface structure is used and includes values for geophysical properties and time shift maps between vintages. The time shift map contains shifts in the seismic trace between vintages. The cost function includes a time shift map term for the difference between the time shift map and a calculated time shift of the seismic trace between vintages and is based on a proposed perturbation to at least one of the geophysical properties. The time shift map is also used as a global constraint on proposed perturbations of subsurface properties.

The disclosure generally relates to devices and techniques for operating an electronic apparatus that controls a sensor, the devices and techniques including acquiring first sensing data through the sensor, identifying a data variation based on the first sensing data and sensing data for a first time point and a second time point acquired in advance based on a sampling period of the sensor, identifying target data among a plurality of predetermined meaningful data based on the identified data variation and determining a time point at which the target data is to be acquired, and controlling the sampling period based on the determined time point.

A method for generating an image of a subsurface feature, comprises providing seismic data containing information about the feature, comprising i) a first dataset comprising a first up-going wave-field and a first down-going wave-field, ii) a second dataset comprising a second up-going wave-field and a second down-going wave-field, wherein the second dataset is collected at a time that is later than the first dataset by a time interval, creating an up-going 4D difference dataset U by subtracting one of the first and second up-going wave-fields from the other and creating a down-going 4D difference dataset D by subtracting one of the first and second down-going wave-fields from the other, creating a weighting function W that is a function of the similarity of the difference datasets, and creating an image of the feature by generating a 4D similarity stack, where the 4D similarity stack is defined as (U+D)*W/2.

A method of measuring a rate of mineralization, including: positioning a seismic sensor and/or a harmonic sensor in acoustic communication with a rock formation; injecting carbon dioxide into a borehole in the rock formation; reacting the carbon dioxide with the rock formation to form mineralized carbon dioxide; measuring an acoustic activity generated in the rock formation with the seismic sensor and/or harmonic sensor during the reacting; calculating the rate of mineralization based on the acoustic activity; and adjusting a rate of carbon dioxide injection into the rock formation based on the calculated rate of mineralization.