An optical element may include a substrate. The optical element may include a first anti-reflectance structure for a particular wavelength range formed on the substrate. The optical element may include at least one layer disposed on a portion of the first anti-reflectance structure. The optical element may include a second anti-reflectance structure for the particular wavelength range formed on the at least one layer. A depth between a first surface of the first anti-reflectance structure and a second surface of the second anti-reflectance structure, a first index of refraction of the first anti-reflectance structure, a second index of refraction of the second anti-reflectance structure, and a third index of refraction of the at least one layer may be selected to form a diffractive optical element associated with a particular phase delay for the particular wavelength.

Provided are gold-coated flat silver particles, a dispersion including the gold-coated flat silver particles and a dispersion medium, a method of the dispersion, a coating film including the gold-coated flat silver particles, and an antireflection optical member. The gold-coated flat silver particles include flat silver particles and a gold coating layer, in which an average thickness of the gold coating layer on principal planes of the particles is 0.1 nm to 2 nm, and a ratio of the average thickness of the gold coating layer on the principal planes of the particles to an average thickness of the gold coating layer on edge surfaces of the particles is 0.02 or higher.

Provided are gold-coated flat silver particles, a dispersion including the gold-coated flat silver particles and a dispersion medium, a method of the dispersion, a coating film including the gold-coated flat silver particles, and an antireflection optical member. The gold-coated flat silver particles include flat silver particles and a gold coating layer, in which an average thickness of the gold coating layer on principal planes of the particles is 0.1 nm to 2 nm, and a ratio of the average thickness of the gold coating layer on the principal planes of the particles to an average thickness of the gold coating layer on edge surfaces of the particles is 0.02 or higher.

An optical functional resin panel includes an injection molding resin, a base film, an ultraviolet curable hard coat layer provided on a surface of the base film, and a reflectance control layer provided on a surface of the hard coat layer, in which the reflectance control layer has a thickness variation of 10% or less, and the base film, the hard coat layer, and the reflectance control layer have a surface hardness increasing in this order.

An optical functional resin panel includes an injection molding resin, a base film, an ultraviolet curable hard coat layer provided on a surface of the base film, and a reflectance control layer provided on a surface of the hard coat layer, in which the reflectance control layer has a thickness variation of 10% or less, and the base film, the hard coat layer, and the reflectance control layer have a surface hardness increasing in this order.

An optical dimming device is provided. The optical dimming device includes a photochromic element including a photochromic composition. The photochromic composition includes a combination of a first photochromic material and a second photochromic material having different steady-state absorption profiles. In a direction from a first portion to a second portion of the photochromic element, a concentration of the first photochromic material in the combination decreases and a concentration of the second photochromic material in the combination increases.

An optical dimming device is provided. The optical dimming device includes a photochromic element including a photochromic composition. The photochromic composition includes a combination of a first photochromic material and a second photochromic material having different steady-state absorption profiles. In a direction from a first portion to a second portion of the photochromic element, a concentration of the first photochromic material in the combination decreases and a concentration of the second photochromic material in the combination increases.

Provided is a resin composition capable of providing a plate-shaped molded article having a high refractive index as well as a high hardness, and a plate-shaped molded article, a multilayered article, and an anti-reflection film formed from the resin composition. The resin composition contains 10 to 99 parts by mass of an acrylic resin (A); and 90 to 1 part by mass of a random copolymer (B) derived from a monomer composition B composed of 5 to 95 mass % of a (meth)acrylate represented by the formula (b1) (b-1), 5 to 95 mass % of an aromatic (meth)acrylate (b-2), and 0 to 20 mass % of an additional monomer (b-3); in the formula (b1), Rb.sup.1 is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, and Rb.sup.2 is an aliphatic group.

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A method for manufacturing an optical lens using an ion-assisted deposition apparatus that comprises an ion source includes: forming, on a lens substrate made of a material containing 40 mass % or more of fluoride, a first lower layer of an anti-reflection film of the optical lens, wherein the first lower layer is a fluoride layer; forming, on the first lower layer, a second lower layer of the anti-reflection film; forming on the second lower layer, one or more intermediate layers of the antireflection film; forming, on the one or more intermediate layers, an uppermost layer of the anti-reflection film; and irradiating, using the ion source, the lens substrate with ions.

A method for manufacturing an optical lens using an ion-assisted deposition apparatus that comprises an ion source includes: forming, on a lens substrate made of a material containing 40 mass % or more of fluoride, a first lower layer of an anti-reflection film of the optical lens, wherein the first lower layer is a fluoride layer; forming, on the first lower layer, a second lower layer of the anti-reflection film; forming on the second lower layer, one or more intermediate layers of the antireflection film; forming, on the one or more intermediate layers, an uppermost layer of the anti-reflection film; and irradiating, using the ion source, the lens substrate with ions.