Structures for a directional coupler and methods of forming a structure for a directional coupler. The structure comprises a first waveguide core including a first plurality of segments, and a second waveguide core including a second plurality of segments disposed adjacent to the first plurality of segments in a coupling region. The structure further comprises a first cladding layer comprising a first material that has a first refractive index, and a second cladding layer comprising a second material that has a second refractive index different from the first refractive index. The first cladding layer adjoins a first sidewall of each of the first plurality of segments and a first sidewall of each of the second plurality of segments, and the second cladding layer adjoins a second sidewall of each of the first plurality of segments and a second sidewall of each of the second plurality of segments.

Structures for a directional coupler and methods of forming a structure for a directional coupler. The structure comprises a first waveguide core including a first plurality of segments, and a second waveguide core including a second plurality of segments disposed adjacent to the first plurality of segments in a coupling region. The structure further comprises a first cladding layer comprising a first material that has a first refractive index, and a second cladding layer comprising a second material that has a second refractive index different from the first refractive index. The first cladding layer adjoins a first sidewall of each of the first plurality of segments and a first sidewall of each of the second plurality of segments, and the second cladding layer adjoins a second sidewall of each of the first plurality of segments and a second sidewall of each of the second plurality of segments.

An optical device includes a first mirror having a first reflecting surface and extending along a first direction, a second mirror having a second reflecting surface that faces the first reflecting surface and extending along the first direction, and an optical waveguide layer, located between the first mirror and the second mirror, that causes light to propagate along the first direction. A transmittance of the first mirror is higher than a transmittance of the second mirror. A reflection spectrum of at least either the first mirror or the second mirror with respect to light arriving from a direction normal to the reflecting surface includes, in a wavelength region in which a reflectance is higher than or equal to 90%, a local maximum point and first and second points of inflection located closer to a long-wavelength side than the local maximum point.

An optical device includes a first mirror having a first reflecting surface and extending along a first direction, a second mirror having a second reflecting surface that faces the first reflecting surface and extending along the first direction, and an optical waveguide layer, located between the first mirror and the second mirror, that causes light to propagate along the first direction. A transmittance of the first mirror is higher than a transmittance of the second mirror. A reflection spectrum of at least either the first mirror or the second mirror with respect to light arriving from a direction normal to the reflecting surface includes, in a wavelength region in which a reflectance is higher than or equal to 90%, a local maximum point and first and second points of inflection located closer to a long-wavelength side than the local maximum point.

A method and system for generating a physical layout for a grating coupler integrated in a photonically-enabled circuit are disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the method receives a parametrized wavelength, a parametrized first refractive index, a parametrized second refractive index, a parametrized taper length, a parametrized width, a parametrized grating length, and a parametrized incident angle of the optical beam incident onto the grating coupler and generates a physical layout for the grating coupler based on the received parametrized inputs, the generating of the physical layout is according to a predefined model, and outputs the physical layout of the grating coupler for manufacturing under a semiconductor fabrication process.

The present disclosure provides a semiconductor structure. The semiconductor structure includes a waveguide structure, a photoelectric material, and a transistor. The waveguide structure is disposed on a substrate and includes a first doping region having a first type of dopant and a second doping region having a second type of dopant different from the first type. The photoelectric material is disposed proximal to a junction of the first doping region and the second doping region. The transistor is disposed on the substrate at a level same as a level of the waveguide structure. A method of manufacturing the semiconductor structure is also provided.

The present disclosure provides a semiconductor structure. The semiconductor structure includes a waveguide structure, a photoelectric material, and a transistor. The waveguide structure is disposed on a substrate and includes a first doping region having a first type of dopant and a second doping region having a second type of dopant different from the first type. The photoelectric material is disposed proximal to a junction of the first doping region and the second doping region. The transistor is disposed on the substrate at a level same as a level of the waveguide structure. A method of manufacturing the semiconductor structure is also provided.

A radiation carrier for carrying at least a radiation beam has, on a surface thereof, at least one excitation grating, for directing at least an excitation radiation beam directionally out of the radiation carrier, thereby illuminating a region of interest; and at least one structure for redirecting emission radiation emanating from the region of interest. Further a sensor is provided comprising at least one such radiation carrier and at least one detector, the structure being adapted for redirecting radiation from the region of interest into the at least one detector.

A radiation carrier for carrying at least a radiation beam has, on a surface thereof, at least one excitation grating, for directing at least an excitation radiation beam directionally out of the radiation carrier, thereby illuminating a region of interest; and at least one structure for redirecting emission radiation emanating from the region of interest. Further a sensor is provided comprising at least one such radiation carrier and at least one detector, the structure being adapted for redirecting radiation from the region of interest into the at least one detector.

A photonic polarizing beamsplitter is disclosed. The beamsplitter comprises a first waveguide, a second waveguide located above the first waveguide, and a birefringent coupler between the first waveguide and the second waveguide. The birefringent coupler has an effective refractive index for a TM mode which is greater than a refractive index of the first waveguide, and an effective refractive index for a TE mode which is less than the refractive index of the first waveguide. The second waveguide comprises a plurality of outwardly tapering legs with a gap between adjacent legs that are connected downstream to a body. The vertical beamsplitter uses less surface area.