Some embodiments are directed to a light modulator comprising transparent or reflective substrates, multiple electrodes being applied to the substrates in a pattern across the substrate. A controller may apply an electric potential to the electrodes to obtain an electro-magnetic field between the electrodes providing electrophoretic movement of the particles towards or from an electrode.

Some embodiments are directed to a light modulator comprising transparent or reflective substrates, multiple electrodes being applied to the substrates in a pattern across the substrate. A controller may apply an electric potential to the electrodes to obtain an electro-magnetic field between the electrodes providing electrophoretic movement of the particles towards or from an electrode.

The present disclosure provides a display module and a display device. The display module includes: a substrate in which the substrate includes a first surface and a second surface that are arranged to face each other, and a plurality of side surfaces simultaneously connected to the first surface and the second surface; a display layer arranged on the first surface of the substrate; and a protection structure arranged at a connection position between two adjacent sides of the plurality of side surfaces of the substrate.

The present disclosure provides a display module and a display device. The display module includes: a substrate in which the substrate includes a first surface and a second surface that are arranged to face each other, and a plurality of side surfaces simultaneously connected to the first surface and the second surface; a display layer arranged on the first surface of the substrate; and a protection structure arranged at a connection position between two adjacent sides of the plurality of side surfaces of the substrate.

A light beam direction control element includes: a first transparent substrate; a second transparent substrate which is disposed facing the first transparent substrate; light shielding elements which are disposed between the first transparent substrate and the second transparent substrate; light transmission regions which are disposed between the first transparent substrate and the second transparent substrate and whose sidewalls are surrounded by any of the light shielding elements; a resin layer which is disposed between the first transparent substrate and the second transparent substrate, surrounds an outer circumference of a light transmission region pattern formed by the light transmission regions, and includes a sealed first opening unit; and a first buffer region which is sandwiched between a surface including the first opening unit of the resin layer and the light transmission region pattern, and in which the light shielding elements are injected.

A light beam direction control element includes: a first transparent substrate; a second transparent substrate which is disposed facing the first transparent substrate; light shielding elements which are disposed between the first transparent substrate and the second transparent substrate; light transmission regions which are disposed between the first transparent substrate and the second transparent substrate and whose sidewalls are surrounded by any of the light shielding elements; a resin layer which is disposed between the first transparent substrate and the second transparent substrate, surrounds an outer circumference of a light transmission region pattern formed by the light transmission regions, and includes a sealed first opening unit; and a first buffer region which is sandwiched between a surface including the first opening unit of the resin layer and the light transmission region pattern, and in which the light shielding elements are injected.

A backplane for an electro-optic display including an electrode and a substrate. The substrate may be porous to liquids, e.g., water, and may formed, from cellulose or a similar hydrophilic polymer. The electrode is desirably also porous to the same liquid as the substrate, so that the electrodes do not form liquid-impervious areas on the substrate. For example, when the liquid is water (or an aqueous solution) the electrodes may be formed of a hydrophilic carbon black, which may be coated or screen-printed on to the substrate.

A backplane for an electro-optic display including an electrode and a substrate. The substrate may be porous to liquids, e.g., water, and may formed, from cellulose or a similar hydrophilic polymer. The electrode is desirably also porous to the same liquid as the substrate, so that the electrodes do not form liquid-impervious areas on the substrate. For example, when the liquid is water (or an aqueous solution) the electrodes may be formed of a hydrophilic carbon black, which may be coated or screen-printed on to the substrate.

In one aspect, the appearance of a back cover for a mobile device may be changed. For example, the back cover may include a film that affects the appearance of the back of the mobile device, such as the color or tint. By changing properties of the film, the appearance of the mobile device is also changed. Examples of such films include electrochromic films, polymer-dispersed liquid crystal or polymer network liquid crystal, and suspended particle films.

In one aspect, the appearance of a back cover for a mobile device may be changed. For example, the back cover may include a film that affects the appearance of the back of the mobile device, such as the color or tint. By changing properties of the film, the appearance of the mobile device is also changed. Examples of such films include electrochromic films, polymer-dispersed liquid crystal or polymer network liquid crystal, and suspended particle films.