A first substrate includes: a first base material including an insulating layer; and a partition wall disposed on the insulating layer. The insulating layer and the partition wall are formed of a resin material. The partition wall has a higher hardness than the insulating layer. A protective film that protects the insulating layer is disposed on a surface of the insulating layer. A portion of the protective film is located between the partition wall and the insulating layer.

A first substrate includes: a first base material including an insulating layer; and a partition wall disposed on the insulating layer. The insulating layer and the partition wall are formed of a resin material. The partition wall has a higher hardness than the insulating layer. A protective film that protects the insulating layer is disposed on a surface of the insulating layer. A portion of the protective film is located between the partition wall and the insulating layer.

A transmittance-variable film, a use thereof, and a smart window including the same are disclosed herein. In some embodiments, a transmittance-variable film includes a first electrode substrate, a first electrode insulating layer disposed on the first electrode substrate, an electrophoretic layer, a second electrode insulating layer, and a second electrode insulating layer disposed on the second electrode substrate, wherein the first electrode substrate, the electrophoretic layer, and the second electrode substrate are sequentially arranged, and wherein the first and second electrode insulating layers contain a fluorine-based resin. Upon repeated driving of the film between a transparent mode and a black mode, the transmittance-variable film can maintain a transmittance constant in the transparent mode and exhibit an excellent light shielding ratio in the black mode.

A display plasma module with a double-layer microstructure includes a pixel electrode and a transparent electrode located above the pixel electrode. A display plasma and a liner frame surrounding the display plasma are arranged between the pixel electrode and the transparent electrode. A plasma barrier array used for uniformly dispersing and stabilizing the display plasma is arranged on the pixel electrode and/or the transparent electrode, and a spacer particle layer is adsorbed on the plasma barrier array. The display plasma module directly uses the display plasma to replace the micro-cup structure or the microcapsule structure, and is provided with the plasma barrier array and the spacer particle layer used for uniformly dispersing, stabilizing and isolating the display plasma, which has a function of supporting the whole display plasma module and controlling the thickness of the display plasma.

A display plasma module with a double-layer microstructure includes a pixel electrode and a transparent electrode located above the pixel electrode. A display plasma and a liner frame surrounding the display plasma are arranged between the pixel electrode and the transparent electrode. A plasma barrier array used for uniformly dispersing and stabilizing the display plasma is arranged on the pixel electrode and/or the transparent electrode, and a spacer particle layer is adsorbed on the plasma barrier array. The display plasma module directly uses the display plasma to replace the micro-cup structure or the microcapsule structure, and is provided with the plasma barrier array and the spacer particle layer used for uniformly dispersing, stabilizing and isolating the display plasma, which has a function of supporting the whole display plasma module and controlling the thickness of the display plasma.

An electrophoretic medium comprises an electrophoretic layer, a layer of lamination adhesive and a polymeric layer disposed between the electrophoretic layer and the lamination adhesive layer, the polymeric layer being impermeable to the fluid. A second form of electrophoretic medium has a layer of a complex of an alkali metal and a polymer in contact with the electrophoretic layer. A third form of electrophoretic medium comprises a plurality of discrete droplets of internal phase in a binder, and further comprises a salt.

An electro-optic device includes a first substrate having a first conductive layer thereon; a second substrate having a second conductive layer thereon; and an electro-optic layer comprising electro-optic microcapsules in a 100% solids or substantially solvent free radiation curable binder, the electro-optic layer being disposed between the first and second substrates in contact with the first and second conductive layers.

Layered dielectric materials for use in controlling dielectric strength in microelectronic devices, especially as they relate to electrophoretic and electrowetting applications. Specifically, a combination of a first atomic layer deposition (ALD) step, a sputtering step, and a second ALD step result in a layer that is chemically robust and nearly pinhole free. The dielectric layer may be disposed on the transparent common electrode of an electrophoretic display or covering the pixelated backplane electrodes, or both.

Layered dielectric materials for use in controlling dielectric strength in microelectronic devices, especially as they relate to electrophoretic and electrowetting applications. Specifically, a combination of a first atomic layer deposition (ALD) step, a sputtering step, and a second ALD step result in a layer that is chemically robust and nearly pinhole free. The dielectric layer may be disposed on the transparent common electrode of an electrophoretic display or covering the pixelated backplane electrodes, or both.

A first substrate includes: a first base material including an insulating layer; and a partition wall disposed on the insulating layer. The insulating layer and the partition wall are formed of a resin material. The partition wall has a higher hardness than the insulating layer. A protective film that protects the insulating layer is disposed on a surface of the insulating layer. A portion of the protective film is located between the partition wall and the insulating layer.