Described herein is a polymorphic dashboard that has (1) a first set of indicators with front and back electro-optic layers having different operable properties and (2) a second set of indicators with a front and back electro-optic layers having different operable properties. Of the four electro-optic layers, at least one of the layers has different operable properties as compared to the others. For each indicator, its optical state is a composite of the optical states of that indicator's front electro-optic layer and back electro-optic layer.

Described herein is a polymorphic dashboard that has (1) a first set of indicators with front and back electro-optic layers having different operable properties and (2) a second set of indicators with a front and back electro-optic layers having different operable properties. Of the four electro-optic layers, at least one of the layers has different operable properties as compared to the others. For each indicator, its optical state is a composite of the optical states of that indicator's front electro-optic layer and back electro-optic layer.

A substrate includes a base, a pixel defining layer, a plurality of electrode pairs, and a plurality of light-emitting devices. The pixel defining layer is disposed on the base, and includes a plurality of through holes. At least one electrode pair includes a first electrode and a second electrode that are disposed at least on a hole wall of one of the through holes and at least partially opposite to each other, and the first electrode and the second electrode are insulated from each other. One of the plurality of light-emitting devices includes a liquid functional layer disposed in the through hole. The liquid functional layer is in direct contact with the first electrode and the second electrode. The liquid functional layer includes a liquid light-emitting layer configured to emit light.

A substrate includes a base, a pixel defining layer, a plurality of electrode pairs, and a plurality of light-emitting devices. The pixel defining layer is disposed on the base, and includes a plurality of through holes. At least one electrode pair includes a first electrode and a second electrode that are disposed at least on a hole wall of one of the through holes and at least partially opposite to each other, and the first electrode and the second electrode are insulated from each other. One of the plurality of light-emitting devices includes a liquid functional layer disposed in the through hole. The liquid functional layer is in direct contact with the first electrode and the second electrode. The liquid functional layer includes a liquid light-emitting layer configured to emit light.

A transmittance-variable device, a driving method thereof, a method for improving a light shielding ratio therein, and a use thereof are disclosed herein. In some embodiments, a transmittance-variable device includes a transmittance-variable film capable of switching between a transparent mode and a black mode depending on application of a voltage signal; and a power source for applying a voltage signal having a frequency of 30 Hz or less to implement the black mode, wherein the transmittance-variable film comprises a first electrode substrate, an electrophoretic layer, and a second electrode substrate sequentially arranged. The transmittance-variable device can exhibit an excellent light shielding ratio in the black mode after driving with a voltage signal, and such a transmittance-variable device can be usefully used in a smart window.

A transmittance-variable device, a driving method thereof, a method for improving a light shielding ratio therein, and a use thereof are disclosed herein. In some embodiments, a transmittance-variable device includes a transmittance-variable film capable of switching between a transparent mode and a black mode depending on application of a voltage signal; and a power source for applying a voltage signal having a frequency of 30 Hz or less to implement the black mode, wherein the transmittance-variable film comprises a first electrode substrate, an electrophoretic layer, and a second electrode substrate sequentially arranged. The transmittance-variable device can exhibit an excellent light shielding ratio in the black mode after driving with a voltage signal, and such a transmittance-variable device can be usefully used in a smart window.

An electrophoretic medium is disclosed comprising four types of particles. The first type of particles has a first charge polarity. The second and third types of particles have a second charge polarity that is opposite to the first charge polarity. The electrophoretic medium further comprises, a first charge control agent, and a second charge control agent, the molecular structure of the first charge control agent including a quaternary ammonium group and a non-polar tail and the molecular structure of the second charge control agent including two or more polar groups, and a non-polar tail.

An electrophoretic medium is disclosed comprising four types of particles. The first type of particles has a first charge polarity. The second and third types of particles have a second charge polarity that is opposite to the first charge polarity. The electrophoretic medium further comprises, a first charge control agent, and a second charge control agent, the molecular structure of the first charge control agent including a quaternary ammonium group and a non-polar tail and the molecular structure of the second charge control agent including two or more polar groups, and a non-polar tail.

Methods relating to and an apparatus including: a smart device and an integrated heating module are provided. The apparatus includes: a smart device having an electrically switchable material, a first transparent layer and a second transparent layer, wherein the electrically switchable material is retained between a first transparent layer and a second transparent layer; and an integrated heating module configured between the electrically switchable material and one of: the first transparent layer and the second transparent layer, wherein the integrated heating module is configured to provide resistant heating along at least a portion of the electrically switchable material.

Methods relating to and an apparatus including: a smart device and an integrated heating module are provided. The apparatus includes: a smart device having an electrically switchable material, a first transparent layer and a second transparent layer, wherein the electrically switchable material is retained between a first transparent layer and a second transparent layer; and an integrated heating module configured between the electrically switchable material and one of: the first transparent layer and the second transparent layer, wherein the integrated heating module is configured to provide resistant heating along at least a portion of the electrically switchable material.