Hydrogels that degrade under appropriate conditions of pH and temperature by virtue of crosslinking compounds that cleave through an elimination reaction are described. The hydrogels may be used for delivery of various agents, such as pharmaceuticals.

Compositions and articles including host polymers and chromophores and methods of producing the same are provided. In an exemplary embodiment, an article includes a host polymer with a host polymer refractive index. The article also includes a chromophore with a chromophore refractive index that is greater than the host polymer refractive index. The chromophore refractive index changes with changes in an electric field, and the chromophore is dissolved within the host polymer. The article has an article refractive index that is between the host polymer refractive index and the chromophore refractive index.

Disclosed are new zwitterionic compounds having a bridge moiety, an electron accepter moiety, and an electron donor moiety. The bridge moiety is covalently bonded to both the electron accepter moiety and to the electron donor moiety. The bridge moiety includes one selected from xanthene and thioxanthene, and the accepter moiety includes a pyridinium moiety, and the donor moiety includes a malononitrile moiety.

Apparatuses for communication or sensing are disclosed, the apparatuses comprising a substrate; a bottom cladding disposed on the substrate; a device layer disposed on the bottom cladding, wherein the device layer comprises: two substantially parallel rails extending from an input side to an output side of the device layer and configured to form a slot between the two substantially parallel rails, wherein each of the two substantially parallel rails comprises an inner edge adjacent to the slot and an outer edge opposite the slot; and one or more teeth coupled to each of the two substantially parallel rails; and a top cladding disposed onto the device layer and bottom cladding; wherein the bottom cladding, the device layer, and the top cladding are configured to support at least one optical guided mode. Other embodiments are described and claimed.

Hydrogels that degrade under appropriate conditions of pH and temperature by virtue of crosslinking compounds that cleave through an elimination reaction are described. The hydrogels may be used for delivery of various agents, such as pharmaceuticals.

Hydrogels that degrade under appropriate conditions of pH and temperature by virtue of crosslinking compounds that cleave through an elimination reaction are described. The hydrogels may be used for delivery of various agents, such as pharmaceuticals.

Hydrogels that degrade under appropriate conditions of pH and temperature by virtue of crosslinking compounds that cleave through an elimination reaction are described. The hydrogels may be used for delivery of various agents, such as pharmaceuticals.

An electrochromic composition is provided. The electrochromic composition includes 0.510 parts by weight of a first oxidizable polymer, 0.510 parts by weight of a reducible organic compound, 0.520 parts by weight of an electrolyte, and 6098.5 parts by weight of a solvent. The first oxidizable polymer is a polymer of 1 molar part of diamine and 0.120 molar parts of dicarboxylic acid, diacyl chloride, or dianhydride, a mixture of the aforementioned polymers, or a copolymer of the aforementioned polymers. An electrochromic element including the aforementioned electrochromic composition is also provided.

A nonlinear optically active copolymer having satisfactory orientation characteristics and able to allow for reduction in heat-induced orientation relaxation of a nonlinear optical material, and a nonlinear optical material obtained using the copolymer. The copolymer including at least a repeating unit A having adamantyl group and a repeating unit B having a nonlinear optically active moiety in one molecule, and an organic nonlinear optical material including the copolymer as a component.

Apparatuses for communication or sensing are disclosed, the apparatuses comprising a substrate; a bottom cladding disposed on the substrate; a device layer disposed on the bottom cladding, wherein the device layer comprises: two substantially parallel rails extending from an input side to an output side of the device layer and configured to form a slot between the two substantially parallel rails, wherein each of the two substantially parallel rails comprises an inner edge adjacent to the slot and an outer edge opposite the slot; and one or more teeth coupled to each of the two substantially parallel rails; and a top cladding disposed onto the device layer and bottom cladding; wherein the bottom cladding, the device layer, and the top cladding are configured to support at least one optical guided mode. Other embodiments are described and claimed.