An electro-optical modulator includes a hybrid waveguide with electrodes located on both sides of the hybrid waveguide. A method of making the electro-optical modulator includes providing a first component, which includes a silicon layer and conductive wiring structures located on both sides of the silicon layer; providing a second component, which includes a nonlinear optical material layer and conductive wiring structures located on both sides of the nonlinear optical material layer; and bonding the first component to the second component, wherein the silicon layer and the nonlinear optical material layer are stacked to form the hybrid waveguide, and the conductive wiring structures located on both sides of the silicon layer are electrically connected to those located on both sides of the nonlinear optical material layer to form the electrodes. By implementing embodiments of the present application, a compact, high-efficiency, low-power electro-optical modulator can be integrated into a silicon optical chip.

Hydrogels that degrade under appropriate conditions of pH and temperature by virtue of crosslinking compounds that cleave through an elimination reaction are described. The hydrogels may be used for delivery of various agents, such as pharmaceuticals.

The present disclosure is directed, in general, to electro-optic (EO) devices comprising: a substrate layer; an EO material layer deposited on at least a portion of the substrate layer, where the EO material layer comprises a polymer host material and a non-linear optic chromophore guest material; and an oxygen barrier layer encasing at least a portion of the EO material layer.

A method of producing a nonlinear optical device is provided. In a surface of a semiconductor substrate, a recessed part is formed. In an environment under reduced pressure, the first liquid material is filled into the recessed part. A second liquid material is brought into contact with a first liquid material filled in the recessed part, and thereby a third liquid material is prepared. The third liquid material is solidified, and thereby an embedded portion is formed. The first liquid material includes a first solute and a first solvent, or the first liquid material consists of the first solvent. The second liquid material includes a second solute and a second solvent. The second solute includes a nonlinear optical polymer. The concentration of the second solute in the second liquid material is higher than the concentration of the first solute in the first liquid material.

The present disclosure is directed, in general, to (1) nonlinear optical (NLO) chromophores containing donors with substituents giving high steric hinderance, including (2) compositions/materials/resistive layers comprising NLO chromophores containing donors with substituents giving high steric hinderance, and the methods of making the compositions/materials/resistive layers comprising NLO chromophores containing donors with substituents giving high steric hinderance (e.g., methods of drying and/or poling, and the like), (3) uses of NLO chromophores donors with substituents giving high steric hinderance in electro-optic devices (e.g., EOMs).