An electrophotographic photosensitive member capable of maintaining a charging ability during repeated use is provided. An electrophotographic photosensitive member having a support, a conductive layer, a photosensitive layer and a protective layer in this order, wherein the protective layer contains a binding resin and a metal oxide particle, the metal oxide particle has a core and a coating layer, the core and the coating layer each contain titanium oxide, and the coating layer further includes niobium.

An electrophotographic photoconductor, including a substrate of a cylindrical shape, an organic photosensitive layer formed on an outer peripheral surface of the substrate, and a two-dimensional code provided on the outer peripheral surface of the substrate between the substrate and the organic photosensitive layer, at at least one axial end of the substrate. The two-dimensional code encodes identification information, and is formed outside an image formation region of the electrophotographic photoconductor. The two-dimensional code includes a first part and a second part satisfying 15L120, wherein L1 is a difference between an L-value of the first part and that of the second part in a Lab color space. The outer peripheral surface of the substrate and the organic photosensitive layer satisfy L260, wherein L2 is a difference between an L-value of the outer peripheral surface of the substrate and an L-value of the organic photosensitive layer in the Lab color space.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes, in sequence, a support, a conductive layer, an undercoat layer, a charge generation layer, and a charge transport layer. The conductive layer is a cured film, and the cured film contains titanium oxide particles doped with niobium. The undercoat layer contains a cured product of a composition that contains an electron transport material having a polymerizable functional group and a resin functionalized with a carboxylic acid derivative.

Provided is a photoelectric conversion device including: a support; a charge-transporting layer including an organic charge-transporting material or a sensitizing dye electrode layer including an organic sensitizing dye, where the charge-transporting layer or the sensitizing dye electrode layer is disposed on the support; and a ceramic film disposed on the charge-transporting layer or the sensitizing dye electrode layer.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate; an undercoat layer that is disposed on the conductive substrate and contains metal titanate compound particles, an electron transporting compound, and a binder resin; and a photosensitive layer on the undercoat layer.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes an undercoat layer, a charge generation layer, and a charge transport layer in this order. The undercoat layer contains a cured product of a composition containing an electron transport material, a particle having an average primary particle size of 10 nm or more, and a silicone oil. A content of the particle in the undercoat layer is 3% by mass or more and 20% by mass or less. A content of the silicone oil in the undercoat layer is 0.01% by mass or more and 10% by mass or less relative to the content of the particle.

An electrically conductive support for use in an electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a cylindrical main body having a first end and a second end opposite to the first end in an axial direction of the main body. The main body contains an aluminum alloy and has an internal stress in a range of 30 MPa to 5 MPa. A method of producing the electrically conductive support includes preparing a substrate containing an aluminum alloy obtained at least through an extrusion step, and heat treating the substrate to obtain the electrically conductive support. The heat treating is carried out such that, when a temperature of the heat treating is defined as T ( C.) and a time of the heat treating is defined as H (hours), an amount of the heat treating Q defined by Q=TH is 800 or less.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate, an undercoat layer on the conductive substrate, a charge generation layer on the undercoat layer, a charge transport layer on the charge generation layer, and an inorganic protection layer on the charge transport layer, in which the charge transport layer contains a binder resin and a charge transport material, and, when impedance of the charge transport layer is measured, a ratio (C.sub.1Hz/C.sub.10Hz) of an electrostatic capacitance C.sub.1Hz at 1 Hz to an electrostatic capacitance C.sub.10Hz at 10 Hz is 1.1 or less.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes, in sequence, a support, a conductive layer, an undercoat layer, a charge generation layer, and a charge transport layer. The conductive layer is a cured film, and the cured film contains titanium oxide particles doped with niobium. The undercoat layer contains a cured product of a composition that contains an electron transport material having a polymerizable functional group and a resin functionalized with a carboxylic acid derivative.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate; an undercoat layer on the conductive substrate; a charge generating layer on the undercoat layer; a charge transporting layer on the charge generating layer; and an inorganic protective layer on the charge transporting layer. The undercoat layer, the charge transporting layer, and the inorganic protective layer each have a film elastic modulus of 5 GPa or more.