The electrophotographic photosensitive member has: a cylindrical support; a charge generating layer formed on the cylindrical support; and a charge transport layer formed on the charge generating layer, the charge generating layer contains a hydroxygallium phthalocyanine crystal having a particular CuK characteristic X-ray diffraction peak, a titanyl phthalocyanine crystal having a particular CuK characteristic X-ray diffraction peak or a chlorogallium phthalocyanine crystal having a particular spectral absorption spectrum as a charge generating material, and in the charge generating layer, with respect to the film thickness of the charge generating layer, when a region from the central position of an image forming area to the end position of the image forming area is divided in the axial direction of the cylindrical support into five equal regions and the average film thickness of the charge generating layer in each region satisfies a specific condition.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor having sufficient solvent resistance and crack resistance in a liquid developer and having excellent electrical characteristics, a process for producing the photoreceptor, and an electrophotographic device are provided at low cost. The electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive base; and a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer sequentially provided on the conductive base. The charge transport layer contains a binder resin that is a copolycarbonate resin having a structure represented by general formula (1) below:

##STR00001##

and a hole transport material that is a compound having a structure represented by general formula (2) below:

##STR00002##

A method for manufacturing an electrophotographic photoconductor including a charge generating layer and a charge transport layer in this order on a cylindrical electrically-conductive support including the steps of: (i) immersing the support in a charge generating layer coating liquid, (ii) pulling the support out of the coating liquid, (iii) heat drying the support coated with the coating liquid to form the charge generating layer, (iv) cooling the charge generating layer, and (v) immersing the support on which the charge generating layer has been formed in a charge transport layer coating liquid while retaining gas inside of the support. The charge transport layer coating liquid contains a solvent having a boiling point of 34 C. or more and 85 C. or less, and the step (v) satisfies two specific conditions.

A tubular metal body includes a tubular part having an opening at one end in an axis direction; and a bottom part disposed at another end of the tubular part in the axis direction. The ratio (Rz1/Rz2) of a surface roughness Rz1 of an outer peripheral surface of the bottom part to a surface roughness Rz2 of an outer peripheral surface of a center portion of the tubular part in the axis direction is in a range of 2 or more and 4000 or less. A Vickers hardness HV1 of the outer peripheral surface of the bottom part is 5 HV or more and 27 HV or less smaller than a Vickers hardness HV2 of the outer peripheral surface of the center portion of the tubular part in the axis direction.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes an electroconductive substrate; and a photosensitive layer that is formed on the electroconductive substrate and that contains an inorganic oxide and a lubricant resin. When light having a wavelength of 780 nm is irradiated onto a slurry containing 20% by mass of the inorganic oxide in a predetermined solvent to provide an inorganic oxide slurry, the inorganic oxide slurry has a luminous transmittance that is 40% or more. The photosensitive layer may be a negatively-charged laminate-type photosensitive layer, a monolayer type photosensitive layer, or a positively-charged laminate-type photosensitive layer. The electrophotographic photoreceptor is less worn upon long-term use, allows no filming, and can realize stable images. A method for producing the electrophotographic photoreceptor and an electrophotographic apparatus including the electrophotographic photoreceptor are disclosed.

A photoreceptor for electrophotography, a method for manufacturing the photoreceptor, and an electrophotographic device including the photoreceptor are disclosed. The photoreceptor for electrophotography includes a conductive substrate; and a photosensitive layer that is provided on the conductive substrate and that has an outermost surface layer containing at least a resin binder and an electron transport material. The resin binder is composed of a polyarylate resin having a structural unit represented by a Chemical Structural Formula 1, and the electron transport material is composed of a compound having a structure represented by a Structural Formula (ET2-3). The photoreceptor has high sensitivity, low residual electric potential, no light fatigue and sufficient stain resistance.

Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member that suppresses image smearing at the time of its repeated use, and expresses satisfactory wear resistance and electric characteristics. The electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a support and a photosensitive layer in the stated order, wherein a surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member contains a copolymer of a hole-transportable compound having a chain-polymerizable functional group and a specific compound having maleimide groups.

A method for producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member includes an electrically conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer. The method includes applying an application liquid for photosensitive layer formation containing a solvent, a binder resin, and a hole transport material directly or indirectly onto the electrically conductive substrate, and removing a portion of the solvent, to form the photosensitive layer. The solvent contains a first solvent that is an alcohol having a carbon number of at least 1 and no greater than 3, and a second solvent other than the first solvent. The binder resin includes a polyarylate resin that is a polymerization product of monomers including a first monomer represented by general formula (1) and a second monomer represented by general formula (2), ##STR00001##

A charge transport molecule contains four radical polymerizable functional groups of the general structure exemplified below: ##STR00001##
where R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 contain a spacer group and a radical polymerizable functional group, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are hydrogen atoms, and R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 contain a spacer group and a radical polymerizable functional group wherein the spacer group of R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 is an ethyl group and the radical polymerizable functional group of R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 is an acrylate group.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a support, an undercoat layer placed on the support, a charge generation layer placed on the undercoat layer, and a charge transport layer placed on the charge generation layer. The undercoat layer contains titanium oxide particles surface-treated with an organosilicon compound that is at least one member selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by formulas (1) to (8) and a polyamide resin. The charge generation layer contains hydroxygallium phthalocyanine.