The present invention provides a satisfactory electrophotographic photosensitive member which satisfies wear resistance and electrical properties and further, with which image defects do not occur, a process for producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member, and an electrophotographic apparatus and a process cartridge each including the electrophotographic photosensitive member. The electrophotographic photosensitive member the surface layer of which contains a copolymer of a polymerizable functional group-containing charge transporting substance and a particular polymerizable compound.

A support material for printing a support structure with an electrophotography-based additive manufacturing system, the support material including a composition having a charge control agent and a thermoplastic copolymer having aromatic groups, (meth)acrylate-based ester groups, carboxylic acid groups, and anhydride groups, with a high anhydride conversion. The composition is provided in a powder form having a controlled particle size, and the support material is configured for use in the electrophotography-based additive manufacturing system having a layer transfusion assembly for printing the support structure in a layer-by-layer manner, and is at least partially soluble in an aqueous solution.

A charging member is provided that has high charging ability and can prevent generation of abnormal discharge even under an environment at a low temperature and a low humidity. The charging member includes an electroconductive support, an electroconductive elastic layer and a surface layer. The electroconductive elastic layer contains electrically insulating domains such that at least a part of the electrically insulating domains is exposed on the surface of the electroconductive elastic layer. The surface layer contains a polymetalloxane having a structure represented by Structural Formula (a1), and M1 in Structural Formula (a1) and a carbon atom in a structural unit represented by Structural Formula (a2) are bonded through a linking group represented by Structural Formula (a3).

##STR00001##

A flow passage forming member includes flow passage forming member main bodies 140 and 146 that are formed of a resin material and define at least a part of a flow passage, a metal protective film 200 that is provided on a surface of the flow passage forming member main body 140 and a surface of the flow passage forming member main body 146 defining at least the flow passage and is formed of a metal material, and a protective film 210 that is laminated on the metal protective film 200 and contains an oxide or a nitride of at least on element selected from the group consisting of tantalum (Ta), titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), niobium (Nb), vanadium (V), hafnium (Hf), silicon (Si), aluminum (Al), tungsten (W), and yttrium (Y).

An electrophotographic photosensitive member capable of outputting an image with suppressed positive ghosting, and a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus each having the electrophotographic photosensitive member are provided. The electrophotographic photosensitive member has a photosensitive layer including a phthalocyanine crystal in which the compound represented by the formula (1) is contained, wherein the content of the compound represented by the formula (1) is 0.1% by mass or more and 1.7% by mass or less based on the phthalocyanine crystal.

A support material for printing a support structure with an electrophotography-based additive manufacturing system, the support material including a composition having a charge control agent and a thermoplastic copolymer having aromatic groups, (meth)acrylate-based ester groups, carboxylic acid groups, and anhydride groups, with a high anhydride conversion. The composition is provided in a powder form having a controlled particle size, and the support material is configured for use in the electrophotography-based additive manufacturing system having a layer transfusion assembly for printing the support structure in a layer-by-layer manner, and is at least partially soluble in an aqueous solution.

A support material for printing a support structure with an electrophotography-based additive manufacturing system, the support material including a composition having a charge control agent and a thermoplastic copolymer having aromatic groups, (meth)acrylate-based ester groups, carboxylic acid groups, and anhydride groups, with a high anhydride conversion. The composition is provided in a powder form having a controlled particle size, and the support material is configured for use in the electrophotography-based additive manufacturing system having a layer transfusion assembly for printing the support structure in a layer-by-layer manner, and is at least partially soluble in an aqueous solution.

A photosensitive layer includes a gallium phthalocyanine crystal and 0.2% by mass or more and 20% by mass or less of an arene compound based on the gallium phthalocyanine crystal, and the arene compound has a halogen atom or a halogen-substituted alkyl group, and a sulfonic acid group or a sulfonic acid salt group, as a substituent.

A solution of a gallium phthalocyanine contains a compound of formula (1) and a gallium phthalocyanine of formula (2),
H.sub.2NCH.sub.2R.sup.1CH.sub.2NH.sub.2(1)
wherein R.sup.1 represents a single bond, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group having 1 to 10 main-chain carbon atoms, a substituent of the substituted alkylene group is an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms and being substituted with an amino group, or a hydroxy group, one of the carbon atoms in the main chain of the alkylene group may be replaced with an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, or a bivalent group represented by the formula NR.sup.2, and R.sup.2 represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, or an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms and being substituted with an amino group, and ##STR00001##
wherein X.sup.1 represents a chlorine atom or hydroxy group.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate, an undercoat layer that is provided on the conductive substrate and contains zinc oxide particles and a binder resin, a charge generation layer that is provided on the undercoat layer and contains a titanium-containing organic pigment and a binder resin, and a charge transport layer that is provided on the charge generation layer, in which, in a distribution of respective atomic concentrations in a thickness direction of the charge generation layer, the maximum value of a ratio Ti/C of a Ti atomic concentration to a C atomic concentration is more than 0.075, a depth from an outer peripheral surface of the charge generation layer to a position where the ratio Ti/C is the maximum value is 48.2% or less of a total thickness of the charge generation layer, and a depth from the outer peripheral surface of the charge generation layer to a position where the ratio Ti/C is more than 0.07 is 24.9% or less of the total thickness of the charge generation layer.