An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes: a conductive support; a photosensitive layer disposed on the conductive support; and a protective layer disposed on the photosensitive layer, wherein the protective layer is formed of a polymerized and cured product of a radically polymerizable composition containing a radically polymerizable monomer, a perfluoropolyether compound having a radically polymerizable group, and metal oxide fine particles having a radically polymerizable group.

A flow passage forming member includes flow passage forming member main bodies 140 and 146 that are formed of a resin material and define at least a part of a flow passage, a metal protective film 200 that is provided on a surface of the flow passage forming member main body 140 and a surface of the flow passage forming member main body 146 defining at least the flow passage and is formed of a metal material, and a protective film 210 that is laminated on the metal protective film 200 and contains an oxide or a nitride of at least on element selected from the group consisting of tantalum (Ta), titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), niobium (Nb), vanadium (V), hafnium (Hf), silicon (Si), aluminum (Al), tungsten (W), and yttrium (Y).

A photoconductor and method of forming a photoconductor for an electrophotographic device comprising forming a charge generation material comprising a plurality of quantum dots, and forming an active region comprising one or more photoconductor layers comprising the charge generation material including the surface modified quantum dots.

A surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member has a change region in which a ratio of the number of carbon atoms with respect to the sum of the number of silicon atoms and the number of carbon atoms gradually increases toward a surface side of the electrophotographic photosensitive member from a photoconductive layer side, wherein the change region has an upper charge injection prohibiting portion containing a Group 13 atom, and a surface-side portion which is positioned closer to the surface side of the electrophotographic photosensitive member than the upper charge injection prohibiting portion and does not contain the Group 13 atom, and the distribution of the Group 13 atom in a boundary portion between the surface-side portion and the upper charge injection prohibiting portion is precipitous.

An image forming apparatus includes a two-component developer, a photosensitive member, a charging device, a development device and an intermediate transfer belt. The intermediate transfer belt contains a base resin and a conductive agent. The base resin includes a thermoplastic resin or a thermosetting resin. The photosensitive member includes a base member and an amorphous silicon photosensitive layer. The arithmetic average roughness Ra of the surface of the photosensitive member is equal to or greater than 37 nm but equal to or less than 105 nm. The toner particle includes a toner base particle and a toner external additive that is adhered to the surface of the toner base particle. The toner external additive includes a spacer particle. The number average primary particle diameter of the spacer particle is greater than the arithmetic average roughness Ra of the surface of the photosensitive member.

An image forming apparatus includes an image carrying member, a charging device, an exposure device, a development device, and a development voltage power supply. The image carrying member has an amorphous silicon photosensitive layer formed on its surface. The development device includes a developer carrying member carrying two-component developer containing toner and carrier. The development voltage power supply applies to the developer carrying member a development voltage having an alternating-current voltage superposed on a direct-current voltage. When the blank part potential on the image carrying member is V0 [V], the direct-current voltage is Vdc [V], the peak-to-peak value of the alternating-current voltage Vac is Vpp [kV], and the gap between the image carrying member and the developer carrying member is Ds [mm], 10V0Vdc90 and 1.2Vpp/Ds3.5 are fulfilled.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate, a charge-generating layer provided on or above the conductive substrate, a charge transport layer provided on the charge-generating layer and containing inorganic oxide particles, the charge-generating layer and the charge transport layer forming a photosensitive layer, and an inorganic protective layer provided on the photosensitive layer, in which in a cross-sectional observation of the charge transport layer, the relationship between the percentage area A of inorganic oxide particles contained in a surface level and the percentage area B of inorganic oxide particles contained in an inner level satisfies the percentage area A>the percentage area B of the charge transport layer, with the boundary therebetween at the thickness of the charge transport layer.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes an electroconductive support, a photosensitive layer, and a protection layer The protection layer comprises an electroconductive particle with has a surface containing a titanium oxide and a niobium atom. An atomic concentration ratio of the niobium atom to the titanium atom in the titanium oxide is 0.01 to 0.20, and the electroconductive particle is surface-treated with a compound having a silicon atom. A content ratio of the electroconductive particle in the protection layer is 5 vol % or more and less than 40 vol % with respect to a total volume of the protection layer, and relative concentrations of a plurality of atoms at a surface of the protection layer satisfy specific conditions, as determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes an electroconductive support, a photosensitive layer, and a protection layer The protection layer comprises an electroconductive particle with has a surface containing a titanium oxide and a niobium atom. An atomic concentration ratio of the niobium atom to the titanium atom in the titanium oxide is 0.01 to 0.20, and the electroconductive particle is surface-treated with a compound having a silicon atom. A content ratio of the electroconductive particle in the protection layer is 5 vol % or more and less than 40 vol % with respect to a total volume of the protection layer, and relative concentrations of a plurality of atoms at a surface of the protection layer satisfy specific conditions, as determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.

An image forming apparatus includes an image carrying member, a charging device, an exposure device, a development device, and a development voltage power supply. The image carrying member has an amorphous silicon photosensitive layer formed on its surface. The development device includes a developer carrying member carrying two-component developer containing toner and carrier. The development voltage power supply applies to the developer carrying member a development voltage having an alternating-current voltage superposed on a direct-current voltage. When the blank part potential on the image carrying member is V0 [V], the direct-current voltage is Vdc [V], the peak-to-peak value of the alternating-current voltage Vac is Vpp [kV], and the gap between the image carrying member and the developer carrying member is Ds [mm], 10V0Vdc90 and 1.2Vpp/Ds3.5 are fulfilled.