A fixing device includes a fixing rotating member, a heater, a fixing pad, a pressurizing member, a lubricant, and a surface layer. The fixing rotating member is configured to fix a toner image on a recording medium and is heated by the heater. The fixing pad is positioned on an inner circumferential side of the fixing rotating member, and presses the fixing rotating member from the inner circumferential side. The pressurizing member faces an outer circumferential surface of the fixing rotating member, and forms a nip for fixing between the pressurizing member and the fixing rotating member. The lubricant is applied to the fixing rotating member. The surface layer is disposed in a vicinity of an end portion of a pressurizing surface of the fixing pad and returns the lubricant to a longitudinal central side of the pressurizing surface.

A cylindrical shaft of a roller has facing surfaces which form a depression-protrusion-shaped portion of a joint of the cylindrical shaft and which face or make contact with each other and moreover which extend in a direction non-parallel to an axial direction of the cylindrical shaft, and the facing surfaces are inclined at a predetermined engagement angle with respect to a circumferential direction. A generating line of a circumferential surface of a coating layer that coats an outer circumference of the cylindrical shaft and a generating line of a circumferential surface of a photosensitive drum cross each other at a crossing angle smaller than the engagement angle.

A developing roller includes a conductive axis body; a conductive elastic layer overlying the conductive axis body; and a toner bearing layer overlying the conductive elastic layer and having a surface dispersed with particles having an average particle diameter of from 11 nm to 40 nm. The rotary torque is from 2.5 N to 3.5 N.

A developing apparatus for developing a latent image formed on an image bearing member includes a developer carrying member configured to carry a developer including toner and magnetic carrier and including a developer carrying surface having a plurality of grooves, a magnet, provided inside the developer carrying member, configured to attract the developer on the developing carrying surface, and a regulating member, provided spaced from the developer carrying member and configured to regulate an amount of the developer carried on the developer carrying surface.

A semiconductive roller according to the present invention includes a crosslinked product containing just the three types of rubber of butadiene rubber, epichlorohydrin rubber, and chloroprene rubber as rubber components, has a non-porous, single-layer structure, and has a compression set Cs (%) of not more than 10% as measured in accordance with the measurement method described in the Japanese Industrial Standards JIS K6262:2006 under conditions of a test temperature of 70° C., a test time of 24 hours, and a compression ratio of 25%.

A compliant surface is created with micron scale pits or dimples above an electrically biased conductive layer. The dimples are filled partially with fountain solution and brought adjacent a surface bearing a charge image. The field lines between pixel charge and backplane conductive layer are guided by the dielectric variations defined by the dimple walls and the fountain solution. Dielectrophoretic forces cause the fountain solution within the dimples to flow up to the charge image and wet the surface. A desired volume is controlled by varying parameters such as nip pressure. The developed latent image is then brought into contact with a transfer member blanket and split, thus creating on the blanket a fountain solution latent image ready for inking.

A developing roller comprising an electroconductive substrate and an electroconductive elastic layer constituted by a single layer on an outer periphery of the substrate. The elastic layer contains a diene-based rubber, has a thickness of 0.30 mm or more, and the elastic layer has a crown shape in which an outer diameter of a center portion in a longitudinal direction along an axis of the substrate is larger than an outer diameter of each of both end portions in the longitudinal direction. Elastic moduli E11, E12 and E13 in a first region of the elastic layer in cross-sections at positions P1, P2 and P3 of the elastic layer are each 500 MPa or more.

An electrophotographic blade to be brought into contact with a contact member, comprises a plate spring, and a resin layer that covers at least a part of a surface of the plate spring to form a contact region that comes into contact with a contact member. In the state where one of ends of the plate spring is fixed, a length (L) from the fixed end to the another end is 5 mm to 20 mm, and a force needed to displace the another end by 1 mm is 5 N/m to 100 N/m. The resin layer satisfies the requirements: (1) the thickness of the resin layer is 0.05 mm to 2.00 mm, (2) the tan δ value of the resin layer in the range of 5° C. to 40° C. is 0.05 to 0.70, and (3) the elastic modulus of the resin layer is 1.0 to 60.0 MPa.

The present disclosure provides developing member superior in triboelectric charge imparting ability to a toner. The developing member includes a substrate and a surface layer, the surface layer containing alumina particles and a resin, the surface layer having protrusions on the surface thereof. Each of the protrusions containing the alumina particles, part or all of the alumina particles being exposed at the surfaces of the protrusions, and the resin being interposed among the alumina particles.

Provided is a roller capable of suppressing generation of cut waste from an end of a roller due to contact with another member inside a device when mounted on an image forming device, particularly a conductive roller, and an image forming device using the same. A roller includes a shaft 1 and a base layer 2 provided on the outer periphery of the shaft. A filler layer 4 covering the base layer is provided on end faces of both ends of the base layer in the roller axial direction, and the filler layer is composed of a material having a breaking strain measured according to a tensile test of JIS K 7127 of not less than 120% and a tensile stress at 100% elongation measured according to a tensile test of JIS K 7127 of from 5 to 30 N/mm.sup.2.