An intermediate transfer body includes a base layer and a surface layer disposed on the base layer, in which surface layer includes a sea-island structure that includes a sea phase and an island phase, in which the sea phase includes a resin, the island phase including an organopolysiloxane.

An electrophotographic belt includes a base layer containing a binder resin and carbon black in the binder resin. The binder resin contains at least one resin selected from the group consisting of PEEK and PPS. A water content calculated by ((X2−X1)/X2)×100 is 0.6% where X1 is a mass of a specimen cut out of the base layer when in a nitrogen atmosphere a temperature of the specimen is increased from 30° C. to 100° C. at a rate of 20° C./min. and maintained at 100° C. for 30 min, and X2 is a mass of the specimen when in a nitrogen atmosphere the specimen is thereafter cooled from 100° C. to 30° C. at a rate of 20° C./min. and the specimen is left to stand in the air under an environment of a temperature of 23° C. and a relative humidity of 50% for 48 hours.

An endless belt includes a polyamide imide resin layer in which a content of at least one solvent selected from a solvent group A consisting of a urea solvent, an alkoxy group-containing amide solvent, and an ester group-containing amide solvent is from 0.005 parts by weight to 3 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the polyamide imide resin layer.

An endless belt includes a polyimide resin layer in which a content of at least one solvent selected from a solvent group A consisting of a urea solvent, an alkoxy group-containing amide solvent, and an ester group-containing amide solvent is from 50 ppm to 2,000 ppm.

According to the present invention, increase in a dynamic friction force can be suppressed and cleaning performance of a cleaning member can be improved under any operating environment without additionally providing a special mechanism. An intermediate transfer member includes a substrate layer and a surface layer, the surface layer contains a cured product of a polymerizable monomer, and the monomer contains a compound represented by the following formula (1):

A-[(L-B).sub.k-D].sub.m(D).sub.l  (1) wherein A represents a tetra- or higher-valent organic group, B independently represents an alkylene oxide group having 4 to 15 carbon atoms, D independently represents a (meth)acryloyl group, L independently represents —(CO)— or a single bond, k independently represents an integer of 1 or more, l represents an integer of 0 to 3, m represents an integer of 2 or more, and a sum of l and m represents an integer of 3 or more.

A member for an image forming apparatus includes a surface layer including a block copolymer, wherein the block copolymer includes a polyamide block and a polyether block and the composition ratio of the polyether block to the polyamide block is from 0.2 to 1.5.

An image transfer product is provided which includes a phase change material in one or more layers of the product to regulate the temperature of the product during printing operations. The image transfer product may be in the form of a printing blanket, printing sleeve, electrophotographic/xerographic transfer blanket, image transfer belt, or roller which includes a print surface layer and at least one layer underlying the printing surface layer. The phase change material may be included in any of the layers of the image transfer product, but is not present at the upper surface of the print surface layer. The phase change material may be in the form of a powder, fibers, capsules, or combinations thereof.

An image forming apparatus includes an image bearer; a toner image forming device; an intermediate transferor; a primary transfer power source; a secondary transfer nip forming device; and a secondary transfer power source to output a secondary transfer bias. One of two peak values of the secondary transfer bias is a transfer peak value to provide a greater transfer-directional force to move toner from the intermediate transferor toward the recording medium in the secondary transfer nip. An absolute value of the transfer peak value is greater than an absolute value of the primary transfer bias.

A transfer member for a printing device includes a shaft, a rigid cylindrical core member, mounted on the shaft, an outer layer supported on the rigid cylindrical core member, and optionally a conformable intermediate layer, spacing the cylindrical core member from the outer layer. The outer layer defines an outer surface of the transfer member, and is configured for receiving a toner image thereon. The cylindrical core and outer layer have a same axis of rotation as the shaft. The rigid cylindrical core and/or the conformable intermediate layer, where present may be electrically biased, relative to a photoconductor drum of the printing device.

An endless belt comprising a polyimide-based substrate layer. A plurality of boron nitride nanotubes are dispersed in the polyimide.