A temperature controller for a substrate support in a substrate processing system includes a power parameter module configured to calculate a power parameter indicative of power supplied to the substrate support. A coolant temperature parameter module configured to calculate a coolant temperature parameter indicative of a temperature of a coolant supplied to the substrate support. A heat transfer gas parameter module is configured to calculate a heat transfer gas parameter indicative of flow rates of a heat transfer gas supplied to the substrate support. A temperature calculation module is configured to calculate a temperature of the substrate support using the power parameter, the coolant temperature parameter, and the heat transfer gas parameter.

An aerosol-generating system including a cartridge is provided, the cartridge including a liquid storage portion including a housing configured to hold a liquid aerosol-forming substrate, the housing having an opening; and a heater assembly including at least one heater element fixed to the housing and extending across an opening of the housing, wherein a width of the at least one heater element of the heater assembly is smaller than a width of the opening of the housing. The heater element may be spaced from a periphery of the opening, leading to more efficient heating and aerosol production.

A cartridge for use in an aerosol-generating system is provided, including a liquid storage portion including a housing configured to hold a liquid aerosol-forming substrate, the liquid storage portion including at least two parts in fluid communication with each other; a first part of the liquid storage portion including a heater assembly, a first capillary material, provided in contact with the heater assembly, and a second capillary material in contact with the first capillary material and spaced apart from the heater assembly by the first capillary material; and a second part of the liquid storage portion including a container configured to hold the liquid aerosol-forming substrate in liquid form to supply the liquid to the second capillary material.

A heater system for an exhaust system is provided. The heater system includes a heater disposed in an exhaust conduit. The heater includes a plurality of heating elements disposed in the exhaust conduit. A heating control module controls the plurality of heating elements differently according to operating conditions specific to each heating element. In other forms, the heater system for an exhaust system has a plurality of heating zones, instead of a plurality of heating elements. The heating control module controls the plurality of heating zones differently according to operating conditions specific to each heating zone.

The present invention provides devices, machines, systems and methods for generating a desired humidity and temperature condition within a room.

A method of predicting temperature of at least one location in a fluid flow system that has a heating system for heating fluid. The method includes obtaining a mass flow rate of fluid flow of the fluid flow system, obtaining at least one of a fluid outlet temperature and a fluid inlet temperature of a heater of the heating system, obtaining power provided to the heater, and calculating temperature at the at least one location based on a model of the fluid flow system and the obtained mass flow rate, fluid outlet temperature, and fluid inlet temperature.

Generally described, embodiments are directed to a temperature calibration system that includes a closed fluidic system and a cooling assembly configured to remove heat from the closed fluidic system. The cooling assembly is configured to move between a coupled position, in which the cooling assembly is thermally coupled to (e.g., abutting) a condenser of the closed fluidic system, and a decoupled position, in which the cooling assembly is thermally decoupled (e.g., spaced apart) from the condenser of the closed fluidic system. In at least one embodiment, while in the decoupled position, components of the cooling assembly may be protected from damage that may occur at elevated temperatures.

An intake air heating system for a vehicle includes: an air heater configured to heat air an intake system of an engine; an air heater control module configured to selectively apply power to the air heater via a power conductor; and a voltage sensor and communication module configured to: measure a voltage on terminals of the air heater; and transmit an indicator of the voltage to the air heater control module on the power conductor, where the air heater control module is further configured to: receive the indicator via the power conductor; determine a resistance of the air heater based on the voltage on the terminals of the air heater and a current through the air heater; and apply power to the air heater based on the resistance of the air heater.

A cartridge for use in an aerosol-generating system is provided, including a liquid storage portion including a housing configured to hold a liquid aerosol-forming substrate, the liquid storage portion including at least two parts in fluid communication with each other; a first part of the liquid storage portion including a heater assembly, a first capillary material, provided in contact with the heater assembly, and a second capillary material in contact with the first capillary material and spaced apart from the heater assembly by the first capillary material; and a second part of the liquid storage portion including a container configured to hold the liquid aerosol-forming substrate in liquid form to supply the liquid to the second capillary material.

A control system for a heating system of an exhaust system is provided. The control system includes at least one electric heater disposed within an exhaust fluid flow pathway, and a control device adapted to receive at least one input selected from the group consisting of mass flow rate of an exhaust fluid flow, mass velocity of an exhaust fluid flow, flow temperature upstream of the at least one electric heater, flow temperature downstream of the at least one electric heater, power input to the at least one electric heater, parameters derived from physical characteristics of the heating system, and combinations thereof. The control device is operable to modulate power to the at least one electric heater based on at least one input.