A storage system comprises a plurality of storage devices, and is configured to establish a redundant array of independent disks (RAID) arrangement comprising a plurality of stripes, with each of the plurality of stripes comprising a plurality of blocks, the blocks being distributed across multiple ones of the storage devices. In conjunction with establishment of the RAID arrangement, the storage system is further configured, for each of the plurality of stripes, to designate multiple ones of the storage devices as respective spare devices for that stripe, and for each of the storage devices, to determine numbers of the stripes for which that storage device is designated as a spare device for respective ones of the other storage devices in each of multiple spare levels and for each of multiple failure combinations. A particular number of spare blocks is reserved for each of the storage devices using the determined numbers.

Methods, systems, and apparatuses related to multiple instructions sets or redundant instructions for memory access and management. In one approach, a controller of the memory device provides a first set of functions for management of a storage media of the memory device. The controller uses the first set of functions to service one or more requests received from the host device. The controller provides a second set of functions for management of the storage media. The second set includes one or more functions that are redundant to the first set. When a request is received from the host device, in response to determining that the first set of functions is unavailable to service the request, the controller services the request using one or more of the redundant functions of the second set.

A method for operating a memory system includes determining whether a recovery operation is performed, when power is supplied after being interrupted, generating an internal command for checking an operation status of a memory device when a recovery operation starts, accessing at least one open memory block in the memory device in response to the internal command, checking an operation status of the at least one open memory block, programming a preset amount of dummy data on a preset number of blank pages from a boundary programmed page in the at least one open memory block, and restoring data associated with the recovery operation in the at least one open block.

A management method for managing an autopilot system fitted to an aircraft, the management method being adapted to manage at least one error in at least one succession of steps serving to generate at least one autopilot setpoint for the aircraft, the autopilot system comprising at least one computer serving to implement a plurality of successions of steps generating different autopilot setpoints for the aircraft. Such a method comprises an identification step serving to identify the at least one error, a calculation step for determining a total number of occurrences of the at least one error, a stop step serving to stop the at least one succession of steps, a reinitialization step for reinitializing the at least one succession of steps, and a relaunch step for relaunching the at least one succession of steps.

A memory system includes a memory device and a controller. The memory device is configured to supply a read voltage into a plurality of non-volatile memory cells and transfer values obtained from the plural non-volatile memory cells. The controller is coupled to the memory device via at least one channel. The controller adjusts a level of the read voltage based on a cell difference probability (CDP) calculated from the values when a read operation to the plurality of non-volatile memory cells fails.

A method, computer program product, and computer system for identifying, by a computing device, a pattern in a super block of a logger tier. It may be determined that the pattern in the super block of the logger tier is a known pattern, wherein the known pattern indicates invalid data in the logger tier. The logger tier may be booted up by storing an unknown pattern in the super block into the logger tier, wherein the unknown pattern indicates valid data in the logger tier.

A memory controller includes: a read operation controller for controlling the plurality of memory devices to perform read operation on a plurality of pages included in one stripe; an over-sampling read voltage determiner for determining over-sampling read voltages, based on soft read data of a selected page among at least two pages, when read operations on the at least two pages among the plurality of pages fail; an error bit recovery for recovering error estimation bits included in read data of the selected page, based on an over-sampling read data of the selected page, which is acquired using the over-sampling read voltages; and an error corrector for performing error correction decoding on conversion data obtained by recovering the error estimation bits included in the read data of the selected page. The plurality of pages included in one stripe is included in different memory devices among the plurality of memory devices.

For a non-volatile memory die formed of multiple blocks of memory cells, the memory die has a multi-bit bad block flag for each block stored on the memory die, such as in a fuse ROM. For each block, the multi-bit flag indicates if the block has few defects and is of the highest reliability category, is too defective to be used, or is in of one of multiple recoverability categories. The multi-bit bad blocks values can be determined as part a test process on fresh devices, where the test of a block can be fail stop for critical category errors, but, for recoverable categories, the test continues and tracks the test results to determine a recoverability category for the block and write this onto the die as a bad block flag for each block. These recoverability categories can be incorporated into wear leveling operations.

Technology is disclosed for storing data in a distributed storage system using a virtual chunk service (VCS). In the VCS based storage technique, a storage node (“node”) is split into multiple VCSs and each of the VCSs can be assigned a unique ID in the distributed storage. A set of VCSs from a set of nodes form a storage group, which also can be assigned a unique ID in the distributed storage. When a data object is received for storage, a storage group is identified for the data object, the data object is encoded to generate multiple fragments and each fragment is stored in a VCS of the identified storage group. The data recovery process is made more efficient by using metadata, e.g., VCS to storage node mapping, storage group to VCS mapping, VCS to objects mapping, which eliminates resource intensive read and write operations during recovery.

A method of operating a memory system including a memory device, including reading data from the memory device based on a first physical address received from a host according to a read request received from the host; detecting a read error of the read data; correcting the read data based on the detecting; transmitting the corrected data to the host; asynchronously transmitting to the host an error occurrence signal for the read error; generating information about the read error; transmitting the information about the read error to the host; and rewriting the corrected data based on a second physical address received from the host according to a write request of the host.