A module driver or a master obtains the load IDs of the respective first loads connected to the downstream side of the module driver, recognizes the classification of areas, such as door, roof and floor areas, or a module according to the obtained load IDs, and allocates an appropriate driver ID to the module driver in each area. Each first load has a load ID. The load IDs are allocated to the respective second loads on the downstream side of the module driver on the basis of the allocated driver ID. The area or the module is recognized on the basis of the combination of the load IDs of the plurality of first loads, whereby malfunctions caused by erroneous assembling of the first loads are suppressed.

A virtualized peripheral driver and filter are installed at a kernel level of an Operating System (OS) on a host device. A new peripheral driver is installed on the host device and added to the peripheral device stack within the OS. Events generated from the user level of the OS are pushed through the stack for processing by a newly attached peripheral of the host device using the new peripheral driver. Events produced from the kernel for the peripheral are trapped by the filter when passing up through the stack to the user level of the OS and provided to the virtualized peripheral driver. The virtualized peripheral driver repackages, translates, and formats the events produced from the kernel as OS events expected by the OS for processing and the repacked, translated, and formatted events are processed by the OS.

A method and field device for monitoring automation technology is disclosed The automation field device has internal sensor apparatus that detects states that the field device is subjected as a whole, connections feeding sensor signals to the field device from external sensor apparatus, a channel to a serial field bus, and a further channel. The field device has a processor and a program stored in a memory. The processor receives signals through the field bus from the internal sensor apparatus and/or through connections to the external sensor apparatus and/or the channel to the field bus. The processor determines an evaluation result using the received signals and uses the further channel to transmit the evaluation result to a higher-order apparatus, using the program. Alternatively, the processor decides in advance whether transmission of the evaluation result is required, using the evaluation result.

Managing starvation in a distributed arbitration scheme including sending, by a starved local arbiter, a starvation message toward a head arbiter, wherein the starvation message comprises an identifier of the starved local arbiter and a request for resources to transfer data to a destination, wherein the requested resources comprise a destination token and a bus slot; receiving, by a neighboring local arbiter, the starvation message, wherein the neighboring local arbiter is between the starved local arbiter and the head arbiter; if the neighboring local arbiter currently has the resources requested in the starvation message: marking, by the neighboring local arbiter, the requested resources with the identifier of the starved local arbiter.

In a conventional system with a UFS device connected to a UFS host implementing HPB features, a UFS driver software generates commands, e.g., read and write commands, for the UFS device to perform. The commands include both physical and logical addresses of the UFS device. Typically, the UFS driver software is software based. Therefore, there is much overhead associated with implementing the HPB. To address this issue, it is proposed to enable a hardware based host controller to perform operations related to the HPB. In this way, the performance of a system may be improved.

In one embodiment, a system includes a bus interface including a first processor, an indirect address storage storing a number of indirect addresses, and a direct address storage storing a number of direct addresses. The system also includes a number of devices connected to the bus interface and configured to analyze data. Each device of the number of devices includes a state machine engine. The bus interface is configured to receive a command from a second processor and to transmit an address for loading into the state machine engine of at least one device of the number of devices. The address includes a first address from the number of indirect addresses or a second address from the number of direct addresses.

A peripheral device controlling device according to an embodiment of the inventive concept includes a command queue for storing at least one Device to Device (D2D) command for data communication between a first peripheral device and a second peripheral device, a command parser for obtaining information related to the data communication from the at least one D2D command, and an orchestrator for controlling at least one of the first peripheral device and the second peripheral device to transfer data from the first peripheral device to the second peripheral device based on the acquired information.

In one embodiment, a system includes a bus interface including a first processor, an indirect address storage storing a number of indirect addresses, and a direct address storage storing a number of direct addresses. The system also includes a number of devices connected to the bus interface and configured to analyze data. Each device of the number of devices includes a state machine engine. The bus interface is configured to receive a command from a second processor and to transmit an address for loading into the state machine engine of at least one device of the number of devices. The address includes a first address from the number of indirect addresses or a second address from the number of direct addresses.

In an I/O module, a communication enables communications between first and second external devices upon a voltage being supplied from a power source thereto. A shutoff switch shuts off supply of the voltage to the communication controller when turned off. A capacitor is charged based on the voltage supplied from the voltage source while the shutoff switch is in an on state. The capacitor supplies an operating voltage to the communication controller while the shutoff switch is turned off. The communication controller detects a voltage across the capacitor as a diagnostic voltage, and outputs a turn-off command to the shutoff switch for turning off the shutoff switch. The communication controller determines whether there is a fixedly closed malfunction in the shutoff switch based on the diagnostic voltage while outputting the turn-off command to the shutoff switch.

A system includes a primary device comprising a first state machine lattice comprising a first plurality of configurable elements configured to analyze at least a portion of first data as a first analysis and to output a result of the first analysis. The system also includes a secondary device coupled to the primary device, wherein the secondary device comprises a second plurality of configurable elements configured to analyze at least a portion of second data received from the primary device as a second analysis and to output a result of the second analysis, wherein the primary device